Atmospheric muon flux at various locations T. Sanuki University - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Atmospheric muon flux at various locations T. Sanuki University - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Atmospheric muon flux at various locations T. Sanuki University of Tokyo Outline 1. Data and possible source of systematic error i. Near top of the Atmosphere 5 - 30 g/cm 2 ii. Inside the Atmosphere 5 - 800 g/cm 2 iii. On the ground 800 -

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SLIDE 1

Atmospheric muon flux at various locations

  • T. Sanuki

University of Tokyo

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SLIDE 2

Outline

  • 1. Data and possible source of systematic error
  • i. Near top of the Atmosphere

5 - 30 g/cm2

  • ii. Inside the Atmosphere

5 - 800 g/cm2

  • iii. On the ground

800 - 1000 g/cm2

  • 2. Observed and calculated muon spectra
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SLIDE 3
  • Atm. muon & neutrino

ground ascending/ descending floating altitude mountain

p π γ νµ µ νe e

  • 1. Near top of the Atmosphere

5 - 30 g/cm2 balloon floating altitude

  • 2. Inside the Atmosphere

5 - 800 g/cm2 balloon as(des)cending

  • 3. On the ground

800 - 1000 g/cm2 ground/mountain

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SLIDE 4

On the ground

800 - 1000 g/cm2

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SLIDE 5

high statistics

  • infinite data taking time
  • infinite batteries

On the ground

calibrating atm. ν calculation (M.C. simulation)

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SLIDE 6

On the ground

  • Various measurement
  • Two types of measurement
  • a. Normalized
  • b. NOT Normalized (Absolute)
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SLIDE 7

Normalized Flux

  • 1. Measure spectrum shape (not absolute

intensity)

  • 2. Calculate integrated flux above some

momentum

  • 3. Normalize the measured spectrum to a

“standard” integral intensity

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SLIDE 8

“Standard” Flux

p>3.64GeV/c p>2.68GeV/c p>1.73GeV/c p>0.82GeV/c p>0.44GeV/c Lead 10cm Lead 10cm Iron 66cm Iron 66cm Iron 66cm

Barbouti and Rastine

  • J. Phys. G 9(1983) 1577
  • Not measure momentum

event by event

  • Poor momentum

resolution

  • Mult. scatt. etc.

Range Counter

F log p p_threshold p_threshold

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SLIDE 9

Normalized Flux

  • 1. Poor statistics in higher momentum region
  • 2. Same systematic error.

Absolute Flux Measurement is important N(p~p+Δp) ε(p)・SΩ(p)t・Δp F(p)=

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SLIDE 10

Primary CR Spectra + Hadronic Interaction + Decay

Production height Altitude Zenith angle

Absolute Flux

10 10

2

1 10 10

2

10

3

site altitude Rc

MASS-89 Prince Albert 600m 0.7GV CAPRICE-97

  • Ft. Sumner

1270m 4.3GV CAPRICE-94 Lynn Lake 360m 0.4GV BESS-02 Tsukuba 30m 11.4GV BESS-97/98/99Lynn Lake 360m 0.4GV BESS-99

  • Mt. Norikura 2770m 11.2GV

L3+C Geneva 450m 4.42GV CosmoALEPH Geneva 450m 4.42GV

Momentum P (GeV/c) + Flux ฀ P (m sr sec (GeV/c) )

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  • Different

experimental condition

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SLIDE 11

Different Condition

  • Altitude
  • Atmospheric Structure; ρ(h)
  • Zenith Angle
  • Geomagnetic Cutoff Rigidity
  • (Solar Modulation)
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SLIDE 12

BESS Data summary

site cutoff Rigidity

  • atm. pressure

date Tsukuba Japan 11.4 GV 1030 g/cm2

  • Dec. 95
  • May. 97
  • Nov. 97
  • Oct. 02
  • Mt. Norikura

11.2 GV 740 g/cm2

  • Sep. 99
  • Ft. Sumner

NM, USA 4.3 GV 890 g/cm2

  • Sep. 01

800 to 5 g/cm2

  • Sep. 01

5 to 30 g/cm2 Lynn Lake MB, Canada 0.4 GV 1000 g/cm2

  • Jul. 97
  • Jul. 98
  • Jul. 99
  • Jul. 00

800 to 5 g/cm2

  • Aug. 99
  • Aug. 00
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SLIDE 13

Geomagnetic Field

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 1

site altitude Rc

MASS-89 Prince Albert 600m 0.7GV CAPRICE-94 Lynn Lake 360m 0.4GV BESS-95/02 Tsukuba 30m 11.4GV BESS-97/98/99Lynn Lake 360m 0.4GV

40 5 Momentum P (GeV/c) µ +µ Flux (m sr sec (GeV/c) )

+ 2 1 1 1

Rc=11GV Rc<1GV 10% effect @1GeV/c

Altitude correction is important, but...

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SLIDE 14

Altitude

10

  • 1

1 10 1 10

+

Tsukuba, Japan

  • Mt. Norikura, Japan

1 10

Tsukuba, Japan

  • Mt. Norikura, Japan

Momentum P (GeV/c) Momentum P (GeV/c) Flux (m sr sec (GeV/c) )

  • 2 -1 -1 -1

30m a.s.l. 2770m a.s.l.

ex) BESS; Almost same condition except for altitude

Huge effect on flux in low momentum region

30~40% effect @1GeV/c

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SLIDE 15

5 10 15 20 25 Altitude (km)

1995 Dec. 1997 May.

Seasonal variation in muon

High <-- density --> Low

December May (winter) (spring)

surface

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 x 10-2 Altitude h (km) Density (h) (g/cm )

3

0 10 20 30 40

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SLIDE 16

Zenith Angle

Momentum (GeV/c) 1 10 10

2

10

3

>0.90)

  • >0.98) / F(cos
  • F(cos

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Vertical c

  • s

θ = . 9 8 cosθ=0.90 “Vertical”/“Near vertical” BESS@Tsukuba,Japan

Experimental/Analysis condition should be considered

ex) BESS; Same condition except for zenith angle

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SLIDE 17

Inside the Atmosphere

5 - 800 g/cm2

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SLIDE 18

Flux vs Residual Atmospheric depth growth curve ~5 - 800 g/cm2

Balloon ascending period

Indirect measurement of atm. ν production

p + A → π + π + · · · π → µ + νµ µ → e + νe + νµ

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SLIDE 19

Growth curve

10

  • 1

1 10 10 2 1 10 102 1031 10 102 103

  • Atm. depth (g/cm )

2

  • Atm. depth (g/cm )

2

Flux (m sr sec (GeV/c) )

  • 2 -1 -1 -1

µ+ µ

1.12 GeV/c 2.04 GeV/c 5.79 GeV/c 1.12 GeV/c 2.04 GeV/c 1999 Lynn Lake 2000 Lynn Lake 2001 Ft. Sumner

  • Y. Yamamoto

ex) BESS

Poor statistics

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SLIDE 20

Near Top of the Atmosphere

5 - 30 g/cm2

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SLIDE 21

Thin target ~5 - 30 g/cm2 < 100g/cm2

Balloon altitude

sensitive to hadronic interaction model

p + A → π + π + · · · π → µ + νµ µ → e + νe + νµ

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SLIDE 22

Balloon altitude

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 1 10 Momentum P (GeV/c) Flux/Depth P2 (m-2sr-1sec-1(GeV/c)/(g/cm2))

  • +

DPMJET-III Fritiof1.6 FLUKA97 Fritiof7.02 1 10 Momentum P (GeV/c)

BESS-01 Decent data 5 to 30 g/cm2

Honda-san’s talk...

ex) BESS; Unique balloon flight at Ft. Sumner, NM, US. Good statistics during slow descending.

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SLIDE 23

Perfect MC ?

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SLIDE 24

MC simulation

  • 1. input spectrum
  • BESS data + power-law extrapolation
  • 2. hadronic interaction
  • DPMJET-III - based
  • 3. same condition as BESS observation
  • latitude and longitude (geomagnetic Rc)
  • altitude
  • date
  • observed ρ(h) data + NRLMSISE-00 Model
  • solar modulation
  • zenith angle
  • M. Honda

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/model/atmos/nrlmsise00.html

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SLIDE 25

Not perfect ...

10

  • 1

1 10 1 10

+

DPMJET-III Tsukuba, Japan

  • Mt. Norikura, Japan

1 10

DPMJET-III Tsukuba, Japan

  • Mt. Norikura, Japan

Momentum P (GeV/c) Momentum P (GeV/c) Flux (m sr sec (GeV/c) )

  • 2 -1 -1 -1

30m a.s.l. 2770m a.s.l.

MC < DATA

Honda-san’s talk...

BESS-02 Tsukuba 10 10

2

1 10 10

2

10

3

Momentum P (GeV/c) + Flux ฀ P (m sr sec (GeV/c) )

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  • DPMJET-III
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SLIDE 26

Summary

Many experiments at various locations

  • Site (Cutoff Rigidity, Altitude)
  • Date (Solar modulation, atm. structure)
  • Zenith angle
  • Calculation under the same condition as

experiment

Huge effect on flux in low momentum region For controlling systematic error in neutrino calculation.