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Associate Professor Academic Title Presentation: Presentation 2 Paper no 9

Conference Paper · April 2014

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4644.2881

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1 author: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Earthen Heritage of Exceptional Value: Value Analyses, Authenticity and Integrity Evaluation and the Preservation of Earthen Heritage, Proposed Guidelines for the Preservation of Earthen Heritage in Egypt (A study financed by the Fulbright Commission) View project The Conservation of Modern Heritage View project Ayman G. Abdel Tawab Tanta University

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ىلا صحفلل ومذقملا ويميداكلؤا تازاجنلؤا و ىملعلا جاتنلؤا:

طيطختلا و هرامعلل ومئاذلا ويملعلا ونجللا رصم ىف ىنارمعلا

صاخلاب: د. باوتلا ذبع ذمحأ نيذلا لامج نميأ هيرامعملا هسدنهلا مسقب سردملا ةسدنهلا ةيلك– اـطنط ةعماج ةفيظول يملعلا بقللا ىلع لوصحلل كلذ و:

ىنارمعلا طيطختلا و هرامعلا ذعاسم راتسأ

The Academic Publications and Accomplishments Submitted to:

The Permanent Scientific Committee of Architecture and Town Planning in Egypt

By: Ayman Gamal El-Din Ahmed Abdel Tawab A lecturer at the Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University To promote for the academic title of:

Associate Professor of Architecture and Town Planning

Paper 9: Sustainable conservation of traditional living communities: the case of Taos Pueblo in the United States of America

[Ceramic tiles inside Downtown of Lisbon potential World Heritage Site, Lisbon, Portugal]

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[Conference workshops during the 3rd International Conference on Intangible Heritage, Aveiro, Portugal]

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Sustainable conservation of traditional living communities: the case of Taos Pueblo in the United States of America

Authors: Abdel Tawab, Ayman G. Conference: SHARING CULTURES 2013, 3rd International Conference on Intangible Heritage Conference venue: Aveiro, Portugal Conference date: July 24-26, 2013 Official website: http://sc2013.greenlines-institute.org/sc2013website/index.html

[Venue of the 3rd International Conference on Intangible Heritage, Aveiro, Portugal]

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[Ceramic tiles inside Downtown of Lisbon potential World Heritage Site, Lisbon, Portugal]

Sharing Cultures 2013 - 3r International Conference on Intangible Heritage

Ayman G. Abdel Tawab

Assistant Professor, Tanta University, Egypt

Sustainable Conservation

• f Traditional Living

Communities: the Case of Taos Pueblo in the United States of America

2

Romancing the Pueblos by Charles Craig (1883)

Sustainable Conservation: the Potential Conflict between Sustainability Standards and Heritage Values

Light fixtures at Sutton Hall, the University of Texas at Austin

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Traditional Living Communities Inherent Qualities and Sustainability Principles

Taos Pueblo-Moonlight by E. Irving Couse (1914)

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The Conservation Project at Taos Pueblo

• St. Jerome Mission

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The Key Principles of Sustainability, as Adopted by Agenda 21

• 1. The dependence on renewable sources of energy;
• 2. Using local and traditional building materials;
• 3. Eradicating poverty by generating employment
• pportunities;
• 4. Improving living conditions of women, minorities and

indigenous peoples;

• 5. The participation of women and the local community as a

whole, in all decision-making processes;

• 6. Supporting the participation of local communities in the

conservation of their historic buildings

Earth bricks that are used in the construction and conservation of New Gourna Village, in Egypt

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Other Relevant Frameworks and Documents

• 1. The United Nations Development Programme

Building democratic societies and empowering women

• 2. The United Nations Millennium Declaration

Promoting the principles of gender equality and empowering women, in order to achieve a sustainable development

8

The Implications of the Concept of Sustainable Conservation

• 1. The dependence on traditional materials and

methods;

• 2. Creating new jobs;
• 3. The participation of the local community to the

conservation works;

• 4. Training the local community in traditional arts and

crafts;

• 5. Strengthening the local identity

Volunteers participating to the conservation of San Miguel Church, in Santa Fe, in the USA

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Introduction to the Property

The location of Taos Pueblo

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Introduction to the Property

The location of Taos Pueblo and the other living Pueblos

Santa Ana Cochiti Pojoaque

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The layout of Taos Pueblo

Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

North side Pueblo

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Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

South side Pueblo

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Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

The Red Willow Creek

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Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

• St. Jerome Mission

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Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

The ruins of St. Jerome Church

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Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

One of the kivas at Taos Pueblo

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A diagram of one of the kivas in Acoma Pueblo

Introduction to the Property

The key elements in Taos Pueblo

The village walls

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Introduction to the Property

The inscription of the property on the World Heritage List

The entrance to Taos Pueblo

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The Conservation Project at Taos Pueblo: Funding Sources and Phases of the Project

The first phase of the project: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior

The training center

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The Conservation Project at Taos Pueblo: Funding Sources and Phases

• f the Project

The second phase of the project: The World Monuments Fund

The World Monuments Fund project at Taos Pueblo

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The Conservation Project at Taos Pueblo: the Key Features of the Conservation Project

Adobe bricks that are used in the conservation works

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The Aim of the Study

• 1. To investigate the potential conflicts that might
• ccur when adopting the concept of sustainable

conservation in the case of traditional living communities

• 2. To analyze the agreement and contradiction of the

heritage values of Taos Pueblo, as an example of traditional living communities, with the principles of sustainability

The conservation project at Taos Pueblo

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The Method of the Study

The adopted value typology The Adopted Value Typology Emotional Values

Wonder value Identity value Spiritual/religious value Respect and veneration values

Cultural Values

Historic value Age value Archaeological value Newness value Aesthetic value Artistic value Architectural value Townscape and urban values Landscape and ecological values Scientific value

Use Values

Functional value Economic value Social value Educational value Political value

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The Method of the Study

The values whose indicators were developed in order to incorporate sustainable qualities

The architectural value The townscape value The landscape and ecological values The functional value The economic value The social value The political value

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The Method of the Study

The sustainability indicators of the architectural value

The property’s efficient use of energy The construction using local materials and traditional construction techniques

The sustainability indicators of the townscape value

The dependence on fuel efficient transportation means The provision of walkable streets The reduction of transportation demands

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The Method of the Study

Evaluating the level of significance of the values that the property enjoys The criteria that were adopted to evaluate the level of significance of the satisfied values

The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture The exceptional representation of the value of a traditional settlement, its culture and its interaction with the environment The interchange of the value on a geographical level or

• ver a span of time

The level at which the value is experienced and appreciated

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• 1. The Values and Significance of the Property

According to the Nomination Document’s Analysis

The criteria that were adopted to justify the property’s Outstanding Universal Value

(IV) be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; (V) be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;

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• 1. The Values and Significance of the

Property According to the Nomination Document’s Analysis

The key addressed values

• 1. The architectural value;
• 2. The social value;
• 3. The cultural value;
• 4. The religious value;
• 5. The economic value

The key addressed themes

• 1. The adobe houses’ traditional style and exceptional

architectural qualities;

• 2. The continuity of the property’s architecture

representing the evolving Pueblo’s culture;

• 3. The continuity of the property as a traditional living

community;

• 4. The property’s traditional cooperative agricultural

system;

• 5. The property’s adaptation to its arid and semi-arid

climate, and its efficient interaction with its environment

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• 2. The Justification of the Values that

Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The spiritual/religious value

One of the kivas in Taos Pueblo

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• 2. The Justification of the Values that

Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The historic value

A statue of Popé

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2.The Justification of the Values that Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The age value

Cracks in the adobe walls indicating the age value

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• 2. The Justification of the Values that

Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The artistic value

Pottery produced and exhibited inside Taos Pueblo

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• 2. The Justification of the Values that Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The architectural value

North side Pueblo in Taos Pueblo

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• 2. The Justification of the Values that

Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The townscape and urban values

The main plaza in Taos Pueblo

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• 2. The Justification of the Values that

Taos Pueblo Enjoys

The social value

Traditional dances during Taos Pueblo pow-wow

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• 3. The Level of Significance of the Values that Taos Pueblo Enjoys

and the Criteria that Justify this Level of Significance

The values The level of significance The relevant criteria * Spiritual/religious value International (1), (2), (3) Historic value International (1), (2), (3), (4) Age value International (2), (4) Aesthetic value International (1), (2), (3), (4) Artistic value International (1), (2) Architectural value International (1), (2), (3), (4) Townscape and urban values International (1), (2), (4) Landscape and ecological values International (1), (2), (3), (4) Functional value International (1), (3), (4) Economic value International (1), (2), (3), (4) Social value International (1), (2), (3), (4) Educational value International (1), (2), (3), (4) Political value International (1), (2), (3), (4) * (1) The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture (2) The exceptional representation of the value of a traditional settlement, its culture and its interaction with the environment (3) The interchange of the value, on a geographical level or over a span of time (4) The stakeholders or the level at which the value is experienced and appreciated

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• 3. The Evaluation of the Level of Significance of the Architectural Value of

Taos Pueblo

Indicators of the value Criteria justifying the level of significance Maximum potential level of significance Overall level of significance The property’s efficient function The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture The level at which the value is experienced and appreciated The interchange of the value, on a geographical level or over a span of time International significance International significance The delight aspects of the property’s architectural qualities The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture The exceptional representation of the value of a traditional settlement, its culture and its interaction with the environment The level at which the value is experienced and appreciated The interchange of the value, on a geographical level or over a span of time International significance International significance The firmness aspects of the property’s architectural qualities The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture The exceptional representation of the value of a traditional settlement, its culture and its interaction with the environment The level at which the value is experienced and appreciated International significance International significance The commodity aspects of the property’s architectural qualities The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture The level at which the value is experienced and appreciated The interchange of the value, on a geographical level or over a span of time International significance International significance The sustainable qualities

• f the property’s

architecture The exceptional testimony of the value to a civilization, which is living or which has disappeared, and its culture The exceptional representation of the value of a traditional settlement, its culture and its interaction with the environment The level at which the value is experienced and appreciated The interchange of the value, on a geographical level or over a span of time International significance International significance

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• 3. The Evaluation of the Level of Significance of the Architectural

Value of Taos Pueblo

As indicated by the property’s efficient function

The ongoing process of expansion and decline of the houses in the Taos Pueblo

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• 3. The Evaluation of the Level of Significance of the Architectural

Value of Taos Pueblo

As indicated by the delight of the property’s architectural qualities

Self-portrait by Nicholai Fechin Ernest Blumenschein in a photograph taken by Bert Phillips (1898)

42

• 3. The Evaluation of the Level of Significance of the Architectural

Value of Taos Pueblo

As indicated by the firmness of the property’s architectural qualities

An old photograph of the north side houses in Taos Pueblo

43

• 3. The Evaluation of the Level of Significance of the Architectural

Value of Taos Pueblo

As indicated by the commodity of the property’s architectural qualities

The external ovens at one of the houses in Taos Pueblo

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• 3. The Evaluation of the Level of Significance of the Architectural

Value of Taos Pueblo

As indicated by sustainable qualities of the property’s architecture

The earthen houses in Taos Pueblo that represent the property’s interaction with its natural environment

45

• 4. The Values that Conform to the Principles of Sustainability

The architectural value

Earth bricks that are used in the conservation of Taos Pueblo

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The values whose sustainable qualities contribute to their level of significance

• 1. The architectural value;
• 2. The townscape value;
• 3. The landscape value;
• 4. The functional value;
• 5. The economic value;
• 6. The social value;
• 7. The political value

• 4. The Values that Conform to the Principles of Sustainability

The townscape value

Urban spaces in Taos Pueblo

47

• 4. The Values that Conform to the Principles of Sustainability

The landscape value

The Red Willow Creek in Taos Pueblo

48

• 4. The Values that Conform to the Principles of Sustainability

The functional value

One of the adobe houses that has been converted into a gift shop

49

• 4. The Values that Conform to

the Principles of Sustainability

The economic and the social values

50

• 4. The Values that Conform to the Principles of Sustainability

The political value

The government building in Taos Pueblo

51

• 5. Controversial Aspects

The economic value, hunting

Whaling practiced by the Makah tribe

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• 5. Controversial Aspects

The economic value, hunting

Traditional whaler of the Makah tribe

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• 5. Controversial Aspects

The economic value, hunting

The Rabbit Hunter by Oscar Berninghaus (1945)

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• 5. Controversial Aspects

The political value, the restrictions on women membership to the tribal council

The tribal council of Taos Pueblo in 2010

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• 5. Controversial Aspects

The religious value, the peyote controversy

Peyote ceremony by Ernest Spybuck

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Crossing the Arroyo by Oscar Berninghaus

Contradiction and Conformity with the Principles of Sustainability

The principles that contradict with the previous controversial aspects:

Social equity and empowering women and minorities

The principles that support the previous controversial aspects:

Strengthening the local identity of traditional communities

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Other Supporting International Documents

• 1. The ICOMOS Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage;
• 2. The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989;
• 3. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples ;

• 4. The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the

Diversity of Cultural Expressions “Indigenous peoples have the right to promote, develop and maintain their institutional structures and their distinctive customs, spirituality, traditions, procedures, practices and, in the cases where they exist, juridical systems or customs, in accordance with international human rights standards” [Article 34, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]

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The Outstanding Universal Value of Taos Pueblo and its Inherent Qualities and Justifying Criteria

The sustainable qualities of Taos Pueblo and the criteria that are relevant to the concept of sustainability have significantly contributed to the justification

• f

its Outstanding Universal Value. These criteria involve the exceptional testimony of the property’s values to a living civilization and the exceptional representation of these values of a traditional settlement and its interaction with the environment.

61

The Conservation Project at Taos Pueblo

The main features of the conservation project at Taos Pueblo were found to agree with the general principles

• f sustainable conservation.

62

The Controversial Aspects of the Values that Taos Pueblo Enjoys

Some aspects of the property’s values; such as hunting, the restrictions on women membership to the tribal council and the theocracy of the tribal government might be argued to contradict with the principles of sustainability. These principles are mainly concerned with social equity and empowering women and minorities.

63

Recommendations

• 1. These controversial aspects should be understood to

represent the local community’s struggle to protect their culture and identity. From this perspective, these aspects should be regarded to agree with another sustainability principle concerned with strengthening the local identity of indigenous communities.

• 2. Sustainable conservation projects of traditional living

communities should respect these communities’ unique culture and identity.

• 3. Such projects should not focus on carrying out

comprehensive changes to such communities to guarantee the conformity of all their inherent qualities to the principles of

• sustainability. Instead, these distinctive qualities should be

considered to represent those communities’ local identity that should be strengthened.

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Cui Bono by Gerald Cassidy (1911)

THANK YOU VERY MUCH 65

5

Fountain inside Downtown of Lisbon potential World Heritage Site, Lisbon, Portugal I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Paul Wallin and Prof. Helene Martinsson-Wallin for allowing me the chance to participate to the 7th Conference on Easter Island and the accompanying workshop. I would like to thank Prof. Maurizio Quagliuolo for accepting my participation to the HERITY 2nd and 3rd conferences in Rome, and Prof. Angelo Guarino for accepting my participation to the Cairo Congress of 2009. I would like to express my thanks to Prof. Donald Jones for accepting my participation to the US/ICOMOS symposium in 2012, and my thanks to

• Prof. Sergio Lira for accepting my participation to the 3rd International

Conference on Intangible Heritage in 2013. I would like to extend my gratitude to the ICCROM for allowing me the opportunity to attended one of their courses on the conservation

• f modern heritage. I also would like to thank the Fulbright Commission

for granting me one of their scholarships, and Prof. Michael Holleran for giving me the opportunity to spend the Fulbright Scholarship at the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin. Finally, I would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering at Tanta University, the Architecture Department, Prof. Mahmoud Zaki, and Prof. Ahmed Abdel Wahab for supporting my application for the promotion for the Associate Professor of Architecture academic title.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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