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Assessment of GHGs and SLCPs emissions projections in Asia based on SSP scenarios by using AIM/Enduse[Global]

Tatsuya Hanaoka Center for Social and Environmental Systems National Institute for Environmental Studies

The 21th AIM International Workshop Ohyama Memorial Hall, NIES 13-14 January 2015

AIM models for GHG mitigation analyses

Global scale National scale

Economic Model

(Dynamic Optimization Type)

Bottom-up Model

(Dynamic Optimization Type)

Variable

Global emission pathways to climate stabilization

AIM/CGE[Global]

Technological efficiency, mitigation potentials & costs

Model AIM/CGE[National]

Technological efficiency, mitigation potentials & costs Activities & Service demands (Industrial productions, Transport volumes, Population dynamics, Waste generations, etc) Technological efficiency, mitigation potentials & costs

Database

Province/City scale

AIM/CGE[Subnational] AIM/Energy Snapshot [Subnational] AIM/Extended Snapshot [Subnational]

Accounting Model

(Static Balanced Type) Technological efficiency, mitigation potentials & costs Technological efficiency, mitigation potentials & costs Macro-economic driving forces Macro-economic driving forces

Element & Transition Models

Temperature change

Agriculture Human Health Water AIM/Energy Snapshot [National] AIM/Extended Snapshot [National]

Emission Models

Macro-economic driving forces

Steel Production & Trade Cement Production Household account & Lifestyle Transport Demand Population & Household Dynamics Input-Output Municipal Solid Waste Agriculture Production & Trade Macro Economic Frame Material Stock & Flow

etc.

AIM/Enduse[Global] AIM/Enduse[National] AIM/Enduse[Subnational]

Impact & Adaptation Models

Simple Climate

Nuclear Hydro Geo- thermal Solar Wind Biomass Gas Coal Oil Energy Resource DB

Impact Response function

AIM/Impact[Policy]

etc. 3E(Energy-Environment-Economic) Database etc.

Energy price Emission factor Energy DB Electricity price

2

MOEJ-S12: Promotion of climate policies by assessing environmental impacts of SLCP and seeking LLGHG emissions pathways (FY2014-FY2018)

Goal: To develop an integrated evaluation system for LLGHG and SLCP mitigation policy, by interconnecting emission inventory, integrated assessment models, and climate models.

Theme 1: Air quality change event analysis ・Analysis on regional AQ change

・Development of emission inventory ・Inversion algorithms of emission estimation

Theme 2: Integrated model and future scenarios

・Global socio-economic scenarios ・National & regional emissions scenarios ・Urban & household emissions AQ assessment

Theme 3: SLCP impacts on climate & environment

・Impact assessment of aerosols & GHG ・Assessment of health, agriculture, water cycle, sea level rise

SLCP emissions scenarios Improved emission inventory Feedback of impacts Assessment of activities/policies

Regional Emission Inventories and Chemical Transfer Model

Integrated Assessment Model (AIM)

Climate and Environment Model

Chemical transfer model and emission inventory in Asia AIM/Enduse model Socio-economical & emissions scenario Climate model, earth system model Climate change impact & adaptation

Theme 4: Integrated operation system (Toolkits, data archive)

MDG・SDG・Future Earth

Stakeholders Policy makers

Society

Information transmission System utilization CCAC, UNFCC, IPCC, EANET Proposal and assessment of climate and air pollution policies

Regional strategy

⇅

Global strategy

Science

Experiment setup Database development Metric definitions Model improvement

REAS Inventory SLCP, AP, GHG emissions Based on SSP scenario

AIM/Enduse[Global]

• Target Gases and Sectors -

3 Sector Sub sectors whose mitigation actions are considered in Enduse model (other subsectors are treated as scenario) Power generation Coal power plant, Oil power plant, Gas power plant, Renewable (Wind, Biomass, PV) Industry Iron and steel，Cement Other industries （Boiler, Motor etc） Transportation Passenger vehicle, Truck，Bus，Ship, Aircraft，Passenger train，Freight train (except for pipeline transport and international transport) Residential & Commercial Cooling, Heating, Hot-water, Cooking, Lighting, Refrigerator, TV Agriculture Livestock rumination, Manure management, Paddy field, Cropland MSW Municipal solid waste, Fugitive Fugitive emission from fuel Fgas emissions By-product of HCFC-22, Refrigerant，Aerosol, Foams，Solvent, Etching，Aluminum production, Insulation gas, others.

CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6 CFCs HCFCs SO2 NOx BC OC PM10 PM2.5 CO NH3 VOC Hg Fuel combustion ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Industrial process ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Agriculture ✔ ✔ ✔ Waste ✔ ✔ Fuel mining ✔ Others ✔ ✔ ✔

Note ) Emission factors are set by energy, sector and region over time.

Mitigation measures listed in the following sectors are considered in the AIM/Enduse[Global] model

Base-Year Calibration and Regional Classification

4

Global 32 regions

24 regions in Asia in REAS inventory

REAS name AIM/Enduse[Global name CHN China CHN China TWN Taiwan XEA Other East Asia JPN Japan JPN Japan PRK N.Korea XEA Other East Asia KOR S.Korea KOR Korea MNG Mongolia XEA Other East Asia BRN Brunei XSE Other South-east Asia MMR Myanmar XSE Other South-east Asia KHM Cambodia XSE Other South-east Asia IDN Indonesia IDN Indonesia LAO Laos XSE Other South-east Asia MYS Malaysia MYS Malaysia PHL Philippines XSE Other South-east Asia SGP Singapore XSE Other South-east Asia VNM Vietnam VNM Viet Nam THA Thailand THA Thailand AFG Afghanistan XSA Other South Asia BGD Bangladesh XSA Other South Asia BTN Bhutan XSA Other South Asia LKA Sri Lanka XSA Other South Asia IND India IND India MDV Maldives XSA Other South Asia NPL Nepal XSA Other South Asia PAK Pakistan XSA Other South Asia JPN (Japan) AUS (Australia) NZL (New Zealand) RUS (Russia) CHN (China) IND (India) IDN (Indonesia) THA (Thailand) USA (United States) XE15 (Western EU-15) XE10 (Eastern EU-10) XE2 (Other EU-2) XSA (Other South Asia) XEA (Other East Asia) XSE (Other South-East Asia) MYS (Malaysia) CAN (Canada) TUR (Turkey) XEWI (Other Western EU in Annex I) XEEI (Other Eastern EU in Annex I) XENI (Other EU) XCS (Central Asia) XOC (Other Oceania) VNM (Viet Nam) KOR (Korea) MEX (Mexico) BRA (Brazil) ARG (Argentine) XLM (Other Latin America) ZAF (South Africa) XAF (Other Africa) XME (Middle East)

Annex I

(exact)

OECD

(approx)

ASEAN

(exact)

[Base-Year] : 2010  Base-Year emissions in Asia are calibrated close to REAS(Regional Emissions Inventory in Asia)  Base-Year emissions in Annex I countries are calibrated close to UNFCCC official national inventory  Base-Year emissions in all other countries are calibrated close to EDGER4.2

(note: EDGER4.2 provides only up to 2008)

[Regional Classification ]  AIM/Enduse[Global] aggregates 32 regions in the world and 12 regions in Asia.  Correspondence of sectoral classification and regional classification between REAS and AIM/Enduse[Global] is carefully checked.

Overview of AIM/Enduse[Global] and element models

5

Cement production Value added

• f 2nd industry

Agricultural production Fluorocarbon emission Transport volume (Freight) Energy service (Residential) Municipal solid waste generation Energy service (Commercial) Transportation Demand Model Household Lifestyle Model Municipal Solid Waste Model Cement Production Model Building sector Energy Supply sector Socio-economic scenario Agricultural Prod & Trade model Fluorocarbon Emission Model Agriculture sector Model Database Variable Solid waste management sector Transport volume (Passenger) Crude steel production Steel Production & Trade Model Gas fuel Heat Liquid fuel Solid fuel Hydrogen Energy balance Primary energy Energy price Emission factor Energy DB Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass Emissions Energy mining sector Gas Coal Oil

Bottom-up model (i.e. AIM/Enduse)

Macro Economic frame Model Population & Household number GDP & Sector value added

Macro-economic model

Iron and steel sector Cement sector Other industries sector Transport sector Fluorocarbon sector Energy Resource DB Cost Lifetime Technology DB Efficiency Diffusion rate

Service demand models

Electricity

SSPs (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways)

6

(O’Neill, 2012)

Source) http tps://s ://secure.i .iiasa.a .ac.a .at/w t/web-app apps/ene/ ene/SspD pDb/ b/dsd?A d?Action=

• n=htmlpag

page& e&page= page=abou bout

Example of how to translate narrative scenarios to quantitative scenarios in this study  Using basic socio-economic data (GDP, POP, GDP per capita) provided by SSP  Changing energy compositions constraints (e.g. Coal power plant remains more such as SSP3, SSP5 > SSP2 > SSP1, SSP4. Renewables can be introduced more such as SSP1, SSP4>SSP2> SSP3, SSP5 )  Changing level of GHG mitigation technology implementations (e.g. Payback period is longer such as SSP1 > SSP2,SSP4,SSP5 > SSP3 due to increasing environmental awareness.)  Changing level of Air Pollutants mitigation technology implementations (e.g. Higher policy pushes and pollutions are more controlled such as SSP1 > SSP2,SSP4,SSP5 > SSP3. )

Socio-economic scenarios in Asia

7

5 10 15 20 25 30

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP per capita (1000 US$2005/person)

China

2 4 6 8 10 12

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP per capita (1000 US$2005/person)

India

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP per capita (1000 US$2005/person)

Japan

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP per capita (1000 US$2005/person)

ASEAN

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP (Trillion US$2005)

China

5 10 15 20

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP (Trillion US$2005)

India

2 4 6 8 10

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP (Trillion US$2005)

Japan

2 4 6 8 10

1990 2010 2030 2050

GDP (Trillion US$2005)

ASEAN

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

1990 2010 2030 2050

Population (million)

China

500 1000 1500 2000

1990 2010 2030 2050

Population (million)

India

50 100 150 200

1990 2010 2030 2050

Population (million)

Japan

200 400 600 800 1000

1990 2010 2030 2050

Population (million)

ASEAN

Historical SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5

Overview of AIM/Enduse[Global] and element models

8

Cement production Value added

• f 2nd industry

Agricultural production Fluorocarbon emission Transport volume (Freight) Energy service (Residential) Municipal solid waste generation Energy service (Commercial) Transportation Demand Model Household Lifestyle Model Municipal Solid Waste Model Cement Production Model Building sector Energy Supply sector Socio-economic scenario Agricultural Prod & Trade model Fluorocarbon Emission Model Agriculture sector Model Database Variable Solid waste management sector Transport volume (Passenger) Crude steel production Steel Production & Trade Model Gas fuel Heat Liquid fuel Solid fuel Hydrogen Energy balance Primary energy Energy price Emission factor Energy DB Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass Emissions Energy mining sector Gas Coal Oil

Bottom-up model (i.e. AIM/Enduse)

Macro Economic frame Model Population & Household number GDP & Sector value added

Macro-economic model

Iron and steel sector Cement sector Other industries sector Transport sector Fluorocarbon sector Energy Resource DB Cost Lifetime Technology DB Efficiency Diffusion rate

Service demand models

Electricity

Total transportation volume PKTOTi,t Total transportation volume per capita PKTOTPi,t Population POPi,t GDP per capita GDPPi,t Transportation volume

• f each mode

PKm,i,t Modal share SHm,i,t Endogenous variable Exogenous variable Estimation equation Definitional equation i: region t: year m: mode

E.g.) Passenger transport volume estimation mode

Production PRDi,t Relative export price PEWi,t TIME trend TIMEt Export EXCi,t Import MCi,t Export ratio REXCi,t Producer Price PSi,t Import ratio RMCi,t GDP per capita GDPPi,t Consumption CNSi,t Population POPi,t Consumption per capita CNSPi,t Export price PEi,t Relative domestic price PDMi,t Import price PMi,t Estimation equation Definitional equation Endogenous variable Exogenous variable Domestic price PDi,t

• Intl. price

PWt

Consider socie-economic features to future service demand estimations in each sector and country (i.e. POP, GDP, are consistent across sectors and countries)

Service Demands estimations by SSP scenario

• Sectors related to fossil fuel consumptions -

9

5 10 15 20 25 30 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Passenger transport volume car & bus (trillion pkm)

CHN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Passenger transport volume car & bus (trillion pkm)

IND

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Passenger transport volume car & bus (trillion pkm)

JPN

1 2 3 4 5 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Passenger transport volume car & bus (trillion pkm)

ASEAN

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Cement Production (million ton)

CHN

200 400 600 800 1000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Cement Production (million ton)

IND

20 40 60 80 100 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Cement Production (million ton)

JPN

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Cement Production (million ton)

ASEAN

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Steel Production (million ton)

CHN

200 400 600 800 1000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Steel Production (million ton)

IND

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Steel Production (million ton)

JPN

50 100 150 200 250 300 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Steel Production (million ton)

ASEAN

SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5

Need more modification, especially SSP4 & SSP5

Service Demands estimations by SSP scenario

• Sectors related to non-fuel consumptions -

10

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Municipal solid waste in ladnfill (million ton)

CHN

100 200 300 400 500 600 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Municipal solid waste in ladnfill (million ton)

IND

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Municipal solid waste in ladnfill (million ton)

JPN

50 100 150 200 250 300 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Municipal solid waste in ladnfill (million ton)

ASEAN

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Millk & Beef Cattle (million head)

CHN

50 100 150 200 250 300 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Millk & Beef Cattle (million head)

IND

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Millk & Beef Cattle (million head)

JPN

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Millk & Beef Cattle (million head)

ASEAN

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Rice (million ha)

CHN

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Rice (million ha)

IND

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Rice (million ha)

JPN

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Rice (million ha)

ASEAN

SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5

Need more modification, especially SSP4 & SSP5

AIM/Enduse[Global] and element models

11

Building sector Energy Supply sector Agriculture sector Solid waste management sector Gas fuel Heat Liquid fuel Solid fuel Hydrogen Energy balance Primary energy Energy price Emission factor Energy DB Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Emissions Energy mining sector Gas Coal Oil Iron and steel sector Cement sector Other industries sector Transport sector Fluorocarbon sector Energy Resource DB Cost Lifetime Technology DB Efficiency Diffusion rate Electricity

Select technologies to satisfy future service demands by sector and to balance supply and demand, under various constraints & under minimizing total system costs

By energy, sector and country, we can set various constraints such as  Technology in the base year  Energy balance in the base year  Technology diffusion rate  Speed of technology diffusion rate  Technology constraints  Energy constraints  Speed of energy efficiency improvement  Technology cost  Induced technology costs etc

Bottom-up model (i.e. AIM/Enduse)

Solar Wind Biomass

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 BC Emission (TgBC) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 BC Emission (TgBC) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4)

Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: CH4 and BC Emissions

• Global and Asia -

12 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

World Asia World Asia

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 19801990200020102020203020402050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4) 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 19801990200020102020203020402050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 19801990200020102020203020402050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 19801990200020102020203020402050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4) 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 19801990200020102020203020402050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 19801990200020102020203020402050 CH4 Emission (TgCH4)

Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: CH4 Emissions

• Major countries in Annex I and Asia -

13 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Japan USA EU15 China India ASEAN

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 19801990200020102020203020402050 BC Emission (TgBC) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 19801990200020102020203020402050 BC Emission (TgBC) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 19801990200020102020203020402050 BC Emission (TgBC) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 19801990200020102020203020402050 BC Emission (TgBC) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 19801990200020102020203020402050 BC Emission (TgBC) 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 19801990200020102020203020402050 BC Emission (TgBC)

Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: BC Emissions

• Major countries in Annex I and Asia -

14 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Japan USA EU15 China India ASEAN

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10) 5 10 15 20 25 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 NOx Emission (TgNOx) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2)

Air Pollutants: SO2 , NOx, PM2.5, and PM10 Emissions

• Asia -

15 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Asia Asia Asia Asia

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 19801990200020102020203020402050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 19801990200020102020203020402050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 19801990200020102020203020402050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2) 5 10 15 20 25 19801990200020102020203020402050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2) 5 10 15 20 25 30 19801990200020102020203020402050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 19801990200020102020203020402050 SO2 Emission (TgSO2)

Air Pollutants: SO2 Emissions

• Major countries in Annex I and Asia -

16 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Japan USA EU15 China India ASEAN

2 4 6 8 10 12 19801990200020102020203020402050 NOx Emission (TgNOx) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 19801990200020102020203020402050 NOx Emission (TgNOx) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 19801990200020102020203020402050 NOx Emission (TgNOx) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19801990200020102020203020402050 NOx Emission (TgNOx) 5 10 15 20 25 19801990200020102020203020402050 NOx Emission (TgNOx) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 19801990200020102020203020402050 NOx Emission (TgNOx)

Air Pollutants: NOx Emissions

• Major countries in Annex I and Asia -

17 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Japan USA EU15 China India ASEAN

2 4 6 8 10 12 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10) 5 10 15 20 25 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM10 Emission (TgPM10)

Air Pollutants: PM10 Emissions

• Major countries in Annex I and Asia -

18 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Japan USA EU15 China India ASEAN

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5) 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 19801990200020102020203020402050 PM2.5 Emission (TgPM2.5)

Air Pollutants: PM2.5 Emissions

• Major countries in Annex I and Asia -

19 EDGER4.2 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 UNFCCC2014 RCP 8.5 RCP 2.6 REAS

Japan USA EU15 China India ASEAN

Asia-Pacific Integrated Model

http://www-iam.nies.go.jp/aim/index.html

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