Aquatic Vegetation Growth, Reproduction, and Herbivory Charles W. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Aquatic Vegetation Growth, Reproduction, and Herbivory Charles W. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Effects of Oil Exposure on Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Growth, Reproduction, and Herbivory Charles W. Martin University of Florida/IFAS Nature Coast Biological Station Estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico provide much of the nations supply

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Effects of Oil Exposure on Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Growth, Reproduction, and Herbivory

Charles W. Martin University of Florida/IFAS Nature Coast Biological Station

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  • Estuaries in the Gulf of

Mexico provide much of the nation’s supply of fisheries, wetlands, & numerous desirable natural resources

From Lellis-Dibble et al. 2008

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SLIDE 3

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

http://gomex.erma.noaa.gov/

Photo: Coxworth Photo: Beinecke

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  • Effects of Oil on Submerged

Aquatic Vegetation

  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Root Morphology
  • Food Web Effects of Plant

Oiling

  • Herbivory of oil-affected

plant tissue

  • Future food web work
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SLIDE 5
  • Coastal vegetation

provides numerous ecosystem services

  • Refuge for nekton
  • Forage base for
  • rganisms
  • Buffer from storms
  • Water filtration

Cocodrie, LA Lacombe, LA

Widgeon grass, Ruppia maritima

Port Sulphur, LA

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SLIDE 6

From Pezeshki et al. 2000 Studies have focused on oil effects to emergent vegetation, while much less is known about submerged vegetation

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SLIDE 7
  • 1. What are the effects of oil on Ruppia

maritima?

  • 2. Are there food web implications from this
  • il exposure?
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SLIDE 8
  • Ruppia grown in 19L tanks at

10 psu for 31-33 days

  • 4 randomized treatments:

(0mL) (5mL) (10mL) (20mL)

  • Tanks contained 2L of

sediment and n=12/treatment

  • In tanks containing oil, a layer

was buried ~3cm deep before planting

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SLIDE 9

Growth Root Characteristics

Fruiting Bodies

Flowers

Reproduction

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  • 1. Growth (proportional

change in weight, number of shoots)

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Number of Shoots

Change/day (+1SE)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

None Low Medium High

p=0.737

Wet Weight

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

None Low Medium High Change/day (+1SE)

p=0.494

  • 1. Growth
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SLIDE 12
  • 2. Reproduction

(proportional change in number of flowers, fruits)

Fruiting Bodies

Flowers

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SLIDE 13

Fruiting Bodies

Flowers

Fruit

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

None Low Medium High Change/day (+1SE)

p=0.015

A A,B B B

  • 2. Reproduction

Flowers

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

None Low Medium High Change/day (+1SE)

p=0.008

A,B A A,B B

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SLIDE 14
  • 3. Root Characteristics

(mass, length, diameter, area, uprooting strength)

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SLIDE 15

Root Length

Length (mm+1SE)

20 40 60 80 100 120

None Low Med High

p=0.05

A A,B A,B B

Root Mass

Mass (mg+1SE)

2 4 6 8

None Low Medium High

p=0.686

Root Area

Area (mm2+1SE)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

None Low Medium High

p=0.015

A A,B A,B B

Root Diameter

Diameter (mm+1SE)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

None Low Medium High

p=0.021

A A,B A,B B

NO OIL HIGH OIL

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Uprooting Strength

Grams of Force (+1SE)

50 100 150 200 250

None Low Medium High

A A B B

p<0.001

Silliman et al. 2012 Turner et al. 2016

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C:N Ratio

Treatment C:N Ratio (+1SE)

20 22 24 26 28 30

None Low Medium High

A A,B A,B B p= 0.006

Citation Plant Herbivore Kraft & Denno 1982 Shrub Insects Coley 1983 Terrestrial trees Insects Schroeder 1983 Terrestrial tree Insects Onuf et al. 1977 Mangroves Insects Lilly 1975 Various marine plants Urchins Bjorndal 1980 Seagrass Green turtle Zieman et al. 1984 Seagrass Green turtle Williams 1988 Seagrass Green turtle McGlathery 1995 Seagrass Fishes Preen 1995 Seagrass Dugong Valentine & Heck 2001 Seagrass Urchins Goecker et al. 2005 Seagrass Fishes

Oil Exposure = Lower C:N! The link between C:N and Herbivory

Herbivores prefer plants with high nitrogen content

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  • Laboratory herbivory

assays

  • Leaf tissue imbedded

in agar matrix (Hay et al.

1984, Valentine & Heck 2001, Goecker et al. 2005, Prado & Heck 2011)

  • Herbivores:
  • Grass shrimp (x5)

(Paleomonetes pugio)

  • Amphipods (x10)

(Gammarus mucronatus)

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Experiment 1 Paired Choice Experiment Experiment 2 Foraging Rate Experiment

None vs Low None vs Medium None vs High Low vs Medium Low vs High Medium vs High None Low Medium High

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

None Low

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

None Medium

  • 0.1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

None High

  • 0.1

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Low Medium

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Low High

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Medium High

Proportion Loss

* * * *

p=0.19 p=0.49 p=0.04 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01

Treatment Proportion Loss

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

A A B B

None Low Medium High p<0.01

All Comparisons n=12

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Treatment

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

A A A A

None Low Medium High

Experiment 1 Paired Choice Experiment Experiment 2 Foraging Rate Experiment

  • 0.02

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

None Low

  • 0.02

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

None Medium

  • 0.02

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

None High

  • 0.02

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Low Medium

  • 0.02

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Low High

  • 0.02

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Medium High

Proportion Loss

p=0.074 p=0.79 p=0.017 p=0.03 p=0.012 p=0.071

p=0.07

24 Hours

Treatment

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

A B B B

None Low Medium High

p=0.01

48 Hours

* * *

All Comparisons n=12

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SLIDE 21

+

  • no effect

Variable effects of DWH on populations

Small fish Large fish Insects

McCall & Pennings 2012 Able et al. 2015 Fodrie & Heck 2011

Food Web Resilience to Oil

McCann et al. 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.

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Food Web Resilience to Oil

Literature Synthesis

McCann et al. 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.

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SLIDE 23

Extirpation of most sensitive nodes

  • il
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SLIDE 24

Unoiled Oiled 51 # Nodes 39 343 # Links 210 6.72 Link density 5.38 0.13 Connectance 0.14

  • il

Extirpation of most sensitive nodes

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  • 1. What are the effects of oil on Ruppia maritima?
  • 2. Are there food web implications from this oil

exposure?

Reduced flowering, changes to root morphology, decreased uprooting force

Martin, C.W., L.C. Hollis, R.E. Turner. 2015. Effects of oil-contaminated sediments on submerged vegetation: an experimental assessment of Ruppia maritima. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0138797. Martin, C.W., E.M Swenson. 2018. Herbivory of submerged aquatic vegetation Ruppia maritima. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0208463.

Because of changes to plant chemical composition, foraging trends were altered

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  • Funding:

– This research was made possible in part by a grant from The Gulf of

Mexico Research Initiative. Data are publicly available through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information & Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) at https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org. – Northern Gulf Institute. The funders had no role in the design, execution, or analyses of this project.

  • Louisiana: G. Turner, K. Able, J. Fodrie, O. Jensen, P.

Lopez-Duarte, M. McCann, K. Oken, J. Olin, M. Polito, B. Roberts, N. Rabalais, E. Swenson, J. Lee, C. Milan, G. Peterson, R. Shaw

  • Alabama: J. Valentine, K. Heck, S. Powers, S. Alford, K.

Blankenhorn, T. Kauffman, L. Steele, R. Puntila, S. Sklenar, S. Madsen, M. Dueker, L. Lee

Acknowledgements

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SLIDE 27

Questions?

Email: charles.martin@ufl.edu

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SLIDE 28

Fish predators Marsh fish Marsh Plants Planktivores Zooplankton Phytoplankton Inverts

Alter food web structure & resilience

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Food web importance Oil sensitivity

  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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Food web importance

Critically sensitive species Critical for resilience Few indirect effects

Oil sensitivity

  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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Oil sensitivity Food web importance

Literature Synthesis

Critically sensitive species Critical for resilience Few indirect effects

  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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Ecological Network Analysis

Oil sensitivity Food web importance

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Diet Matrix

Literature Synthesis

Critically sensitive species Few indirect effects Critical for resilience

  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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SLIDE 33

Ecological Network Analysis

Oil sensitivity Food web importance

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Taxa Oil Sensitivity

Diet Matrix Oil Sensitivity Data

Literature Synthesis

Critically sensitive species Few indirect effects Critical for resilience

  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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SLIDE 34

52 nodes 376 links

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Phytoplankton

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Spartina alterniflora

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Omnivorous snails

Littoraria irrorata

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Piscivorous fish

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No data (13) 0: none (16) 1: weak (10) 2: strong (12)

Oil Sensitivity

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Food web importance

Critically sensitive species Critical for resilience Few indirect effects

Oil sensitivity

  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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SLIDE 41
  • 2017. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15(3): 142-149.
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SLIDE 42
  • Biomarker approach to food web effects
  • Bulk Stable Isotopes
  • Fatty Acids
  • Compound specific isotopes

Food Web Resilience to Oil

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  • Biomarker approach to food web effects
  • Bulk Stable Isotopes
  • Fatty Acids
  • Compound specific isotopes

Food Web Resilience to Oil

Fish Stomach Contents

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SLIDE 44
  • Biomarker approach to food web effects
  • Bulk Stable Isotopes
  • Fatty Acids
  • Compound specific isotopes

Food Web Resilience to Oil

Terrestrial plants are the primary carbon source for most terrestrial arthropods Estuarine inverts mostly derive carbon from algae