Anatomy Terms terms of direction anterior/posterior medial/lateral - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Anatomy Terms terms of direction anterior/posterior medial/lateral - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 25, 2024 252 likes •484 views

Anatomy Terms terms of direction anterior/posterior medial/lateral superior/inferior proximal/distal anatomical position Bone Terms shaft: diaphysis end: epiphysis process tuberosity condyle epicondyle head articulation General

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Anatomy Terms

anterior/posterior medial/lateral superior/inferior proximal/distal terms of direction anatomical position

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Bone Terms

shaft: diaphysis end: epiphysis process tuberosity condyle epicondyle head articulation

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General Structure of Connective Tissue

  • connective tissue has mainly extracellular materials with scattered cells
  • connective tissue cells secrete proteins such as collagen that form fibers

examples: bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments (dense regular connective tissue), dermis of skin (dense irregular connective tissue), loose connective tissue (shown above in small intestine)

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Wheater figure 10.8

Compact and Trabecular Bone

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Wheater Figure 10.10

Organization of Bone Tissue

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Wheater Figure 10.24

Articulation Showing Articular Cartilage

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Wheater Figure 10.25 synovial joint in finger Wheater Figure 10.26 articular cartilage on the surface of the head of a femur of a young adult

Articular Cartilage

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Location of Trachea in Respiratory System

Wheater Figure 12.1

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  • steoblast: bone precursor cell

(bone deposition)

  • steocyte: bone cell

(enclosed in bone)

  • steoclast: derived from bone

marrow (bone resorption)

Bone Cells

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Electron Micrograph of the Ruffled Membrane

Figure 3 in Domon, T. and Wakita, M. (1989) Arch. Histol. Cytol. 52 (1): 1-13

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Figure 2 from New England Journal of Medicine (2004) 351: 2839-49

Osteoclast during bone resorption

  • proteases digest

collagen and other proteins

  • acid dissolves

minerals in bone matrix

  • calcium and

phosphate released

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Steps in Osteoclast Formation

Important bits:

  • PTH (parathyroid hormone) is the hormone that stimulates

this process in order to release Ca++ from bone

  • PTH acts on osteoblasts and promotes their survival
  • PTH analogs are a type of anabolic therapy for osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis

  • loss of bone mass that greatly increases the risk of fracture
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Osteoporosis

normal vertebra

  • steoporotic vertebra
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Curvature in Back due to Vertebral Fractures in Osteoporosis

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Prevention of Osteoporosis

  • good nutrition: adequate calcium and vitamin D
  • weight-bearing exercise

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

  • age
  • decreased estrogen

peak bone mass: mid-30’s

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Drug Treatment of Osteoporosis

antiresorptive therapy:

  • bisphosphonates (generic; inexpensive; first line of treatment)

anabolic therapy:

  • PTH analogs