AL ALTERN TERNATE E LAND ND USE USE SY SYSTEMS STEMS Dr. G - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dr

• Dr. G

. G. M. SUJITH

• M. SUJITH

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUL RICULTURAL SCIENCES URAL SCIENCES,B ,BANG ANGALORE RE KARN KARNATAKA AKA

AL ALTERN TERNATE E LAND ND USE USE SY SYSTEMS STEMS

AL ALTERN TERNATE E L LAND ND USE USE SY SYSTEMS STEMS

It It is is def defined ned as an effectiv ective economic conomic utiliz tilization ion of land and without ithout harmi harming the he na natur tural resour esource str tructur ucture based based

• n

land and ca capa pabili bility ty Land Land use use systems tems whic hich ar are alterna lternativ tives to crop production duction ar are called called by the he term term alterna lternate land and use se sy systems stems It It in involv lves es the the addition ddition of per erennial nnial component component whic which has as dr drought

• ught toler
• lerance

ance, can an withstand withstand the he aber errations tions of

• f monsoon

monsoon and and impar mparts ts sta stabili ility ty to to pr production

• duction

LAND CAP ND CAPABILITY CL BILITY CLASSES ASSES

 Selection Selection of a suita suitable le land-use land-use model

• del

 Identif Identifica cation tion of

• f tr

trees ees /shr shrubs ubs tha that ar are not not relished lished by liv livestoc estock  Le Level of competition

• mpetition betw

between een bushes shes and and crop for

• r soil

soil & water er is is minimal minimal  Consider Consider the the farmer armers pr pref efer erence ence for fruit it plants plants  Impr Improved ed planting planting spot spot (dug (dug out

• ut pit)

pit)  Under Undertak ake in in -situ

• situ water

ter har harvesting esting (individual (individual) measur measures es Basic principles Basic principles

Various models of rious models of Alterna Alternate Land Use e Land Use Sy System stem  Ag Agri ri -hor

• horticultur

ticulture  Ag Agri ri -sil

• silvi

vicul cultur ure  Alle ley cropping

• pping

 Le Ley farming arming  Silvi Silvi - pastur pasture  Tr Tree farming

Appr Appropri

• priate land use

te land use for a r a par particular land c icular land class ass Alterna Alternate e Land Use Land Use Land Ca and Capa pabili bility ty cl class Rainf infall (mm) (mm) Ag Agri ri -hor

• horticultur

ticulture Class II Class II 800 800 -1250

• 1250

Ag Agri ri -silvicultur

• silviculture

Class IV Class IV 650-900 650-900 Alle Alley cr y cropping

• pping

Class II lass II 800-900 800-900 Le Ley f y farming rming Class IV lass IV 300-600 300-600 Silvi Silvi pastur asture Class VI Class VI 600-1250 600-1250 Tr Tree f farming Class VII Class VII 100-1250 100-1250

Ecological inter Ecological interaction betw action between tr een trees and ees and cr crops

• ps

 Trees ees contr

• ntrol soil
• il loss
• ss and

nd runof unoff water er  Impr Improve soil

• il proper
• perties

ies thr hrough

• ugh ef

efficient cient nutrient utrient rec ecycli ling ng and and nutrient trient conser conservation tion  Combina Combination ion of ann nnual ual crops

• ps and

and trees es / bushes ushes can can incr increa ease se biomass biomass production

• duction because

because of dif ifferences nces in in rooting

• oting depths

ths  Trees/b ees/bushes shes ar are less ess prone

• ne than

than ann annual al cr crops

• ps to

to extr treme eme soil soil and and clima limatic tic conditions

• nditions

 Trees ees / bushes shes ensur ensure atleast least some

• me returns

eturns even if the he cr crop

• p fail

ils

 All All drylands lands ar are not not suita suitable for crop production.

• duction. These

ese lands lands can an be be used used for other ther than than cr crop

• p pr

production

• duction based

based

• n
• n their

their capabili ilities ties  Dif Differ erent ent models

• dels
• f

alte lterna nate te land land uses uses should should be esta established lished in an appr ppropria

• priate land

and capabili ility ty class ass

Dr

• Dr. G

. G. M. SUJITH

• M. SUJITH

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUL RICULTURAL SCIENCES URAL SCIENCES,B ,BANG ANGALORE RE KARN KARNATAKA ST AKA STATE

MODEL MODELS OF AL OF ALTERN TERNATE E LAND ND USE USE SY SYSTEMS STEMS

AL ALTERN TERNATE E L LAND ND USE USE SY SYSTEMS STEMS

It It is is def defined ned as an effectiv ective economic conomic utiliz tilization ion of land and without ithout harmi harming the he na natur tural resour esource str tructur ucture based based

• n

land and ca capa pabili bility ty Land Land use use systems tems whic hich ar are alterna lternativ tives to crop production duction ar are called called by the he term term alterna lternate land and use se sy systems stems It It in involv lves es the the addition ddition of per erennial nnial component component whic which has as dr drought

• ught toler
• lerance

ance, can an withstand withstand the he aber errations tions of

• f monsoon

monsoon and and impar mparts ts sta stabili ility ty to to pr production

• duction

Various models of rious models of Alterna Alternate Land Use e Land Use Sy System stem  Ag Agri ri -hor

• horticultur

ticulture  Ag Agri ri - silvicultur ilviculture  Alle ley cropping

• pping

 Le Ley farming arming  Silvi Silvi pastur asture  Tr Tree farming

Pr Practice actice of

• f cultiv

cultivating ing crops

• ps along

along with with hor horticultur ticulture component

• mponent

VARIOUS MODEL RIOUS MODELS Ag Agri- ri-hor horticultur ticulture Suita Suitable le in in semi-arid semi-arid regions ions wher where ann nnual ual crop production

• duction is low
• w

and and highly ighly unsta unstable

Ag Agri ri - Silvicultur ilviculture Pr Production

• duction

tec echnique hnique whic hich combines combines the the growing wing

• f
• f

agricultur ricultural al cr crops

• ps with

ith sim imultaneously ultaneously raised ised and and protected tected forest st cr crops

• ps

Alle Alley f y farming rming

An An alterna alternate te land land use use system tem wher here cr crops

• ps ar

are grown wn in in alle alleys formed rmed by hedg hedger erows

• ws of trees or
• r shr

shrubs

• bs. It is mor
• re profitable to

plant plant hedg edgerows ws on

• n contour

contours with ith 10 to 20 m spacing spacing Essential Essential fea eatur ture of

• f the

the system tem is is tha that hedg hedge rows

• ws are kept

pt pr pruned uned during during cr cropping

• pping to

to pr prevent ent shading hading and and to reduce educe competition competition with ith food

• od cr

crops

• ps

Le Ley f y farming rming

Le Ley farming ming aims aims to to gener nerate te in in situ situ fertility ility thr hrough

• ugh rota

tation tion of

• f

le legume gume forages with ith cer cereals

• eals. It

It is is impor important ant for

• r incr

increased eased fodder

• dder

pr production,

• duction, a critical

ritical component component in in rainf infed farming arming

Silvi Silvi - pastur pasture

Mar Marginal inal drylands drylands, gener enerally ally shallow shallow and nd poor poor in nutrients utrients, can can also also yield yield better etter returns eturns thr hrough

• ugh fuel

fuel wood

• od and

and fodder

• dder. After

After six six to to eight eight year ear rota tation tion even en ar arable le cr crops

• ps can

can be grown wn on

• n

built ilt –up up soil soil fertil ility ity This is sy system stem is is most most pr pref efer erable le wher where the he fodder dder shor shorta tages are experi perienced enced fr frequently equently – fallow allow land and can can be be spar spared ed for this his system tem

 This is sy system stem not not only

• nly helps

helps in gener enerating ing muc uch needed eeded

• f
• ff-season

f-season emplo mployment yment in monocr

• nocropped

pped drylands drylands but also lso utiliz utilizes es of

• ff-season

f-season rains ins whic hich ma may otherwise therwise go waste ste as run-of n-off, pr prevents ents de degrada adation ion

• f

soils

• ils

and and restor estores ecologic ecological balance alance  Cr Crop

• p pr

production

• duction ma

may be disastr isastrous

• us in

in the the year ears of dr drought,

• ught, wher

wherea eas drought ught resistant sistant grasses sses and and trees ees could could be rem emuner unerativ tive  Dif Differ erent ent land use se sy systems stems so developed eloped should hould be used sed in in better better way for

• r incr

increased eased and nd sta stabiliz ilized ed pr production

• duction in

drylands drylands

Dr

• Dr. G

. G. M. SUJITH

• M. SUJITH

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUL RICULTURAL SCIENCES URAL SCIENCES,B ,BANG ANGALORE RE KARN KARNATAKA ST AKA STATE

PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF DR DRYL YLAND HOR AND HORTICUL ICULTURE TURE

PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF DR DRYL YLAND HOR AND HORTICUL ICULTURE TURE

Uncer Uncertai tainties and ties and scar scarcity conditi city conditions pr

• ns prevail

ailing in dryland ng in dryland areas as incr increase the ease the risk risks in s involv lved in ed in Ag Agricultur riculture e Of Of the v the various tr rious tree- ee-based ased cr cropping

• pping sy

systems stems, , hor horticultur ticulture e

• f
• ffers the most

the most pr promise tow

• mise towards sustaina

s sustainable liv e liveli elihoods in drylands hoods in drylands Tree –based ee –based cr cropping sy

• pping systems

stems mak make a via a viable alterna le alternativ ive

 Dee Deep r rooted

• oted

 Pe Perennial  Har Hardy – y – toler

• lerant to

ant to ad adverse conditions e conditions  Maxim Maximum biomass pr m biomass production

• duction

 Thic ick k and shiny lea and shiny leaves es  Low w Low water ter requir quirements ments

Char Characteristics of acteristics of r rainf infed hor

• rticultur

ticulture cr e crops

• ps

 Insur Insurance a nce against f ainst fiel eld cr d crop f

• p failur

ilure  Supplies n Supplies nutrition and trition and balance balanced f food

• od

 Pr Provides r ides regular / gular / additional income additional income  Supplies r Supplies raw ma w materi terials f ls for ancill r ancillary industries ary industries  Sour Source of ce of timber / timber / fuel / fuel / man manure  Earns fo foreig ign ex exchange  Impr Improves en es envir vironment /

• nment / ecological

ecological balance balance

Ad Advanta ntages of es of r rainf infed hor

• rticultur

ticulture cr e crops

• ps

Ag Agri ri-Hor

• rti

ti Mang Mango + Ber/ Custar

• + Ber/ Custard a

d apple + pple + oilseeds /

• ilseeds / pulses/cer

pulses/cereals eals

Hor Horticultur iculture based cr based cropping sy

• pping systems

stems

Silvi-Hor Silvi-Horti Cashe Cashew + casuari + casuarina na Hor Horti-pastor i-pastoral al Mang Mango +

• + Fodder g
• dder grasses

asses Agri-H ri-Horti-P ti-Past astoral Sa Sapota pota + Le Legumes + Gr gumes + Grasses asses

Fr Fruits Mang Mango, Sa Sapota, Gua pota, Guava, Ber a, Ber,Tamar marind,Custar nd,Custard apple pple, Wood a

• od apple

pple, Jam Jamun, Bael un, Bael and Jac and Jackfr kfruit uit

Crops s

• ps suita

itable f le for dr dryland yland hor

• rticultur

ticulture

Planta Plantation - tion - Cashe ashew

Crops s

• ps suita

itable f le for dr dryland yland hor

• rticultur

ticulture

Vegeta tables - es - Drumstik, Cur mstik, Curry y leaf leaf, T , Toma mato to, Chilli , Chilli and Cluster bean nd Cluster bean

Crops s

• ps suita

itable f le for dr dryland yland hor

• rticultur

ticulture

Lemon Lemon grass ass Citr Citronell

• nella

a Khus Khus grass ass

Crops s

• ps suita

itable f le for dr dryland yland hor

• rticultur

ticulture

Ar Aroma

• matic cr

ic crops

• ps

Medici Medicinal - nal - Periwi eriwinkle

Cr Crops suita

• ps suitable f

le for dryland r dryland hor

• rticultur

ticulture

Summer ploughing Summer ploughing Timely planting with c mely planting with clonal

• nal material

terial of

• f high yielding v

high yielding varieties rieties Planting along the contour Planting along the contours Raising ising of

• f r

root stoc

• ot stocks &

& in situ in situ gr grafting Pr Prepar aration of ion of wider basins ar wider basins around plants

• und plants

Pr Providing of iding of mulc lch & h & shade shade Forma rmation of ion of b bunds / cr unds / crescent escent bunds unds Forma rmation of ion of f farm ponds and r arm ponds and recycling ing Adoption of Adoption of top top working tec ing technique to hnique to rejuv juvena nate old planta te old plantations tions Adopting m Adopting multi-stor lti-storeyed ed /mix /mixed /inter ed /intercr croppi

• pping sy

ng systems stems for r fetc tching additional hing additional and sustained r and sustained returns eturns

Dryland yland hor horticultur ticulture tec e technologies nologies

 Risk Risks and nd uncer uncertainties tainties in involv lved ed in in cr crop

• p pr

production

• duction in

in dryland dryland ar areas eas can an be be successfully successfully over ercome come by adopting adopting dryland dryland hor horticultur ticulture  Because Because of the he inher inherent nt plant plant char haracteristics cteristics best best adopted adopted / suited suited to to dryland dryland areas as, hor horticultur ticulture crops

• ps ar

are most

• st via

iable alterna alternativ ives es tha that can can be be adopted adopted  Div Diversity ity found

• und among

among hor

• rticultur

ticulture crops

• ps with

with multipur ltipurpose pose uses uses can can best best be be utiliz utilized for

• r ef

effectiv ective utiliza tilization tion of

• f drylands

drylands  Tremendous emendous scope scope for

• r

commer commercial ial cultiv ultivation tion

• f
• f

dif different ent hor horticultur ticultural al cr crops

• ps in

in dryland dryland areas eas

Dr

• Dr. G

. G. M. SUJITH

• M. SUJITH

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUL RICULTURAL SCIENCES URAL SCIENCES,B ,BANG ANGALORE RE KARN KARNATAKA ST AKA STATE

GRASSL GRASSLAND AND MAN MANAGEMENT GEMENT

GRASSL GRASSLAND AND MAN MANAGEMENT GEMENT

With With incr increased eased number umber of liv ivestoc estock, grasslands sslands ar are deterior eteriorating ting and and species pecies with with high high nutritiv tritive value alue ar are at risk isk of extinction.

• xtinction. It

It is is ther theref efor

• re, essential

essential tha hat grasslands sslands be be mana managed to addr ddress ess these hese pr prob

• blems

lems Ex Excessiv cessive g grazi azing and ng and mismana mismanagement ar ement are tr e transf ansforming these

• rming these

grasslands into asslands into deser deserts Based on Based on the the Car Carrying ca ying capacity pacity, mana , management str ment strate tegies can be gies can be implemented whic implemented which can r h can regener nerate and te and maintain g maintain grasslands asslands

Soil and w Soil and water conser ter conservation tion Er Erosional

• sional pr

processes can be r

• cesses can be reduced with tr

duced with trea eatments suc tments such as as gully plugs gully plugs, c , chec eck dams k dams and and contour tr contour trenc enching / ing / bunding unding

Trea eatments f tments for incr r increasing g easing grassland f assland fodder species dder species

Seeding Seeding Seeds should be sown Seeds should be sown bef before the f the first r t rain when ther in when there is no e is no fr fresh esh growth of

• wth of e

existing g isting grasses

• asses. Mix fr

Mix fresh seeds with cow man esh seeds with cow manure and and clay to to form pellets whic rm pellets which will h will not not be car be carri ried a ed away b by wind /w wind /water er Fertiliz ilizer ers Man Manure, nitr , nitrog

• genous and

enous and phospha phosphatic tic fer ertil tilizers can can br broadcasted

• adcasted

to to restor store pr e productivity of

• ductivity of grasslands

asslands. .

 Contr Controlled contin lled continuous g uous grazing azing Gr Grazi azing until a ng until a set set minim minimum amount m amount of

• f pr

pref eferred g d grasses r asses remain main Easy to Easy to mana manage and in and involv lves no additional es no additional costs costs

Esta tablishing a ishing a grazing s azing system f stem for g r grasslands asslands

 Def Deferred g ed grazing azing Based on Based on the the def deferred ar ed area, g ea, grazing will azing will be car be carried out ried out  Rota tational g tional grazi azing Allowing Allowing animals animals to graze in in dif differ erent ent sub-units ub-units of

• f the

the grassland ssland in in rota tation tion  Def Deferred and r ed and rota tational g tional grazing azing Sub-units of Sub-units of the the grassland is assland is graz azed f ed for one-thir r one-third of

• f the

the season season

USEFUL PL USEFUL PLANT SPECIES ANT SPECIES

Limited r Limited rainf infall ll and high and high temper temperatur ture contrib contribute to te to scar scarci city of ty of food, w

• od, water

ter, fuel and fuel and fodder

• dder

Shee Sheep and g p and goats ar s are common as the e common as they resist dry conditions sist dry conditions Cows Cows and b and buffal aloes -

• es - less due to

ess due to shor shorta tage of

• f f

fodder and w

• dder and water

ter Trees whic ees which can h can pr provide f ide fodder e

• dder even during

en during summer months summer months ar are needed e needed

USEFUL TREES FOR RAI SEFUL TREES FOR RAINFED D NFED DRYL YLANDS ANDS

 For str r strong r

• ng roots and conser
• ots and conservation

tion Trees with w ees with well ll de developed r loped root sy

• ot system

stem Pr Prosopis

• sopis julif

uliflor lora, , Azadir Azadirac achta hta indica ndica & & Albizzia bizzia lebbec beck  For f r fodder

• dder and fuel

and fuel Trees f ees for fuel r fuel Pr Prosopis

• sopis julif

uliflor lora, , Pr Prosopis

• sopis ciner

inerari aria & & Acaci Acacia nilotic nilotica  For income r income and n and nutrition trition Fruit tr uit trees f ees for mor r more income and n income and nutrition trition Zizyphus Zizyphus mauritiana, mauritiana, Punica unica grana anatum um & & Phoenic Phoenic dactylef actylefoum

• um

 For salt af r salt affected ected ar areas eas Salt toler Salt tolerant tr nt trees in ees in br brac ackish g sh ground w

• und water ar

ter area ea Pr Prosopis

• sopis julif

uliflora, , Pr Prosopis

• sopis ciner

ineraria aria & & Azadir Azadirac achta hta indica ndica

USEFUL TREES FOR RAI SEFUL TREES FOR RAINFED D NFED DRYL YLANDS ANDS

Planting T Planting Techniques hniques  Planting tr Planting trees along with cultiv ees along with cultivable cr crops

• ps

 Suita Suitable combina le combination of ion of cr crops wi

• ps with tr

th trees should be adopted f ees should be adopted for r

• ptim
• ptimum r

um returns eturns  Ex Excess n cess number of mber of tr trees ees should be r should be reduced duced as the as they r result sult in in pr prob

• blem of

lem of bir birds, shade and n shade and nutrition competition trition competition

 Pr Productivity of

• ductivity of g

grasslands asslands can be enhanced can be enhanced by the inte the integral al mana management ment pr practices actices  Based on Based on knowledg knowledge of e of car carrying ca rying capacity a pacity appr ppropria

• priate g

te grazi azing ng sy system can be identif stem can be identified ed so so as to mana as to manage grassland assland in a pr in a proper

• per

way way  Regener neration and maintenance of tion and maintenance of g grasslands is possib asslands is possible e thr through a

• ugh appr

ppropri

• priate a

te agrostological stological measur measures es

Dr

• Dr. G

. G. M. SUJITH

• M. SUJITH

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUL RICULTURAL SCIENCES URAL SCIENCES,B ,BANG ANGALORE RE KARN KARNATAKA AKA

Sustaina Sustainable de e development of lopment of w waste lands ste lands

SUST SUSTAIN AINABLE DEVEL BLE DEVELOPMENT OF PMENT OF WASTEL WASTELANDS ANDS

Bar Barren or en or uncultiv uncultivated land, an ted land, an ug ugly often de ly often devasta stated or ted or bar barely inha inhabita bitable place or e place or ar area ea Types of pes of w wastelands stelands *Sand dunes Sand dunes *Shallow g Shallow gravelly elly *Soils of Soils of high pH high pH *Fertile soils with moistur ile soils with moisture str stress ss

Destr Destruction ction of

• f

biodiv biodiver ersity sity Decr Decrease in ease in emplo employment ment Reduction in duction in Ag Agricultur riculture e pr production

• duction

Envir

ironmental

• nmental

and ecological and ecological imbalance imbalance

* * Def Deforesta station & ion & over ergrazing azing * * Soil er Soil erosion &

• sion & moistur

moisture scar scarcity city * * High or low pH High or low pH due to due to soil composition, soil composition, excessiv cessive ir irrig rigation and tion and poor poor dr draina ainage * * Se Severe biotic biotic pr pressur essure and poor and poor mana management ment Causes Causes for w r wasteland f steland forma rmation ion

*Soil and Soil and moistur moisture conser conservation * tion * Pr Promoting v

• moting vegeta

tativ tive co cover *Pr *Protection fr tection from biotic pr

• m biotic pressur

essure and and fire *Enhancing soil f *Enhancing soil fertili ility * ty * Plant pr Plant protection &

• tection & optimal plant density
• ptimal plant density

*T *Timely imely har harvest of est of the pr the produce

• duce

Str Strate tegies to gies to comba combat w wasteland f steland forma rmation ion

Ef Effectiv ective mana management of ment of af afforesta station in ion in wastelands stelands Soil and moistur Soil and moisture conser conservation tion  Contour b Contour bunding unding  Sta Staggered tr d trenc enches es  Forma rmation of ion of f farm ponds rm ponds  Gully plug Gully plugging ging  Contin Continuous uous ridg ridges and es and fur furrows along the

• ws along the contour

contours Tree planting – ee planting – criteria f riteria for selecting of r selecting of tr trees ees  Soil and c Soil and clima imatic ada ic adapta tability bility  Gr Growth r

• wth rate

te  Biotic interf Biotic interference nce  Multiple uses Multiple uses  Value lue and demand f and demand for the r the pr produce

• duce

Incr Increase ease in in the the area of wastela astelands nds is is not not due due to erratic ic rainf infall ll alone alone but ut also also due due to economical conomical factor ctors and and tec technological nological factor ctors whic hich inf influence uence land and utiliza tilization ion

• r

under under- utiliza utilization ion