AESS - IFD Batch 20/21 1 Contents Introduction Zero Articles - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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AESS - IFD Batch 20/21 1 Contents Introduction Zero Articles - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

AESS - IFD Batch 20/21 1 Contents Introduction Zero Articles Indefinite Articles Definite Articles 2 In Introduction Articles Zero Indefinite Definite When specificity is Used when making When specificity is


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AESS - IFD Batch 20/21

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Contents

  • Introduction
  • Zero Articles
  • Indefinite Articles
  • Definite Articles

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In Introduction

Zero

Used when making generalisations, with plural countable or uncountable nouns

Ex: Sam loves to watch football.

Articles Indefinite

When specificity is not needed, with singular countable nouns

Ex: Sam saw a girl on the road.

Definite

When specificity is needed to distinguish, with both singular/plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns

Ex: Sam saw the girl on the road.

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Zero Articles

  • Before supreme divinity

Ex: I believe in God. Exception: I believe in the Goddess Kali.

  • Before religious beliefs

Ex: Buddhism is mainly followed in Sri Lanka.

  • Before names of academic disciplines

Ex: I plan to complete a BSc in Business Management.

  • Before names of sports

Ex: Basketball is for tall sportspersons.

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  • Before holidays

Ex: Air travel is expensive during Christmas. Exception: The Sinhala and Tamil New Year is celebrated in Sri Lanka.

  • Before abstract nouns

Ex: Wisdom and good intentions are two different entities. Exception: That car is a beauty.

  • Before abstract non-count nouns

Ex: Education is the key to success.

  • Before dates

Ex: Christmas is celebrated on December 25th. Exception: Christmas is celebrated on the 25th of December.

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  • Before time

Ex: I watched a movie last night. Exception: It took me an entire month to understand the module.

  • Before names of diseases

Ex: His aunt has diabetes. Exception: His uncle died from a stroke.

  • Before un/non-countable nouns

Ex: He does not prefer coffee with milk. Exception: The water in the well can be measured if needed.

  • Before places visited for usual purposes

Ex: Brian goes to university on weekdays. Exception: Brian’s father went to the university for a meeting.

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  • Before comparative degrees

Ex: Apples are more expensive than oranges.

  • Before directions

Ex: Turn left to go to the park. Exception: The war tank is heading to the North. The cinema hall is on the right.

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If the direction follows a preposition, ‘the’ should be added

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In Indefinite Articles – A/An

The use of indefinite articles:

  • 1. When a noun is introduced for the first time (no prior knowledge)

Ex: A man walked into a bar.

  • 2. When specificity is not needed.

Ex: She wanted to pick up a bottle of wine on her way home. Exceptions: A student whom I have never seen before spoke to me. The student whom I have never seen before spoke to me.

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(no prior knowledge) (Has prior knowledge; heard before but not seen)

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  • Before abstract nouns

Ex: She is a beauty.

  • Before expressions of quantity

Ex: A few students were in the corridor. (very few) Few – small quantity

  • Before reference to different categories

Ex: Mr Nizam is a CEO, a lawyer and a lecturer. Exception: He likes bread, butter, jam and orange juice for breakfast.

  • Before countable abstract nouns

Ex: I have an idea for an assessment.

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(The indefinite article ‘a’ is dropped before uncountable nouns)

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  • Before abstract uncountable nouns which depict a concrete instance and become

countable nouns Ex: He lived a long life and died a natural death. Drinking was the death of her. (applicable to the definite articles too)

  • Before structures with “neither” “nor”

Ex: He is neither a doctor nor a musician.

  • Before the comparative degree

Ex: He has a more expensive bike than her.

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Defi finite Article - The

The use of the definite article:

  • 1. When there is prior knowledge/it is already known to the listener

Ex: I stalked the person we were talking about yesterday.

  • 2. In order to specify something

Ex: Can you pass me the book (on the table)? Exceptions: ‘the’ could also be a part of a phrase Junior has a bike which he parks by the side of the school.

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(prior knowledge) (part of a phrase)

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  • Definite articles precede superlatives

Ex: If you wish to see the most unpredictable animal, look at yourself in the mirror. Exception: Most universities have their own principles. (General statement)

  • Definite articles precede “of” phrases

Ex: The stupidity of insulting others should not exist in the 21st century. Exception: Ignorance of the law should not be pardoned.

  • When expressing parallel relations

Ex: The faster you drive, the harder you hit.

  • Before sequencing/ranking

Ex: The previous, the last, the first, the second

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  • Before time expressions

Ex: We will pay the fees in the morning. Exception: We sleep at night.

  • Before geographical regions

Ex: To some, the West is the best.

  • Before family as a group

Ex: The Silvas are vegetarians.

  • Before nationalities

Ex: The French are wine lovers. Exception: Americans love burgers.

  • Before countries with attributes such as Republic, State, Union

Ex: The United States of America Exceptions: The Maldives, The Philippines, The Netherlands

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Nationalities ending with ‘ans’. Americans/Mexicans

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