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Advanced Multistate Taxation of Partnerships and Individual Partners

Business vs. Nonbusiness Income Characterization, Reconciling Conflicting States Tax Treatments and More

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 27, 2016, 1:00-2:50 pm Eastern

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FOR LIVE EVENT ONLY

January 27, 2016

Advanced Multistate Taxation of Partnerships and Individual Partners

Ned Leiby Director, Income and Franchise Taxes Ryan ned.leiby@ryan.com Jennifer A. Zimmerman Attorney Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered jzimmerman@hmblaw.com

Notice

ANY TAX ADVICE IN THIS COMMUNICATION IS NOT INTENDED OR WRITTEN BY THE SPEAKERS’ FIRMS TO BE USED, AND CANNOT BE USED, BY A CLIENT OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF (i) AVOIDING PENALTIES THAT MAY BE IMPOSED ON ANY TAXPAYER OR (ii) PROMOTING, MARKETING OR RECOMMENDING TO ANOTHER PARTY ANY MATTERS ADDRESSED HEREIN.

You (and your employees, representatives, or agents) may disclose to any and all persons, without limitation, the tax treatment or tax structure, or both, of any transaction described in the associated materials we provide to you, including, but not limited to, any tax opinions, memoranda, or other tax analyses contained in those materials. The information contained herein is of a general nature and based on authorities that are subject to change. Applicability of the information to specific situations should be determined through consultation with your tax adviser.

5

Jennifer A. Zimmerman Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered

STATE TAXATION OF PASS-THROUGH ENTITIES Key Issues and Current Developments

6

• Partnerships

– General Partnerships – Limited Partnerships – Joint Ventures – Alliances – Private Equity Funds – Hedge Funds

• Multi-member LLCs taxed as partnerships
• SMLLCs (“disregarded entities”)
• S corporations
• Specialized Entities: RICs, REITs, REMICs, Cooperatives and Some Trusts

(Note: we will reference “PTEs” and “partners”)

How We Define “Pass-Through Entities”

7

• The last 20 years reflect a substantial increase in the use of

PTEs

• The increase was driven by federal tax law and state entity

laws

• Corporate income tax was declining at the same time

government revenue needs were increasing

• Pass-through planning was led by federal tax benefits:

avoidance of double taxation, maximization of losses and incentives and allowance for flexibility

Brief History of PTEs

8

State-Federal Conformity Issues

9

The issue of federal-state conformity actually raises two separate questions: #1 - Characterization: Does the state’s tax law follow the federal characterization of the PTE under the “check-the-box” rules? #2 - Pass-through Treatment: Does the state’s tax law follow the federal tax treatment of income of “partnerships” and “disregarded entities”?

State Conformity Overview

10

#1 – Characterization

• Most states respect entity characterization under

federal “check-the-box” regulations

– An LLC that is a disregarded entity for federal tax is a disregarded entity for state tax purposes

• Some Notable (Income Tax) Exceptions:

– MA (large S corporations and SMLLCs are taxable as S Corp if owned by S Corp) – NH (all PTEs taxed at entity level, even sole proprietorships) – RI (corporate-owned SMLLC is taxed as a C Corp)

11

#2 – Pass-Through Treatment

• Most States Also Follow Federal Pass-through Treatment

– No tax on the PTE, but tax on the partners

• Some Notable Exceptions and Variations:

– Entity-level taxes (IL, NH, ME, MI, OH, OK, TN, TX) – Don’t forget local jurisdictions (Phili, DC, NYC) – Entity-level capital stock and fees (NY, PA, others) – Withholding/estimated tax/partner consent rules (many) – Composite filing rules (many)

• Some States Also Provide Exemption for Investment

Partnerships and Their Partners

12

Reminder of “Other” Filings

Remember that PTEs are generally not disregarded for non-income taxes, including:

• State registrations and filing fees
• Non-Income Taxes:
• Most Sales and Use Taxes
• Some Franchise / Privilege Taxes
• Excise Taxes (“sin taxes” – tobacco, alcohol, etc.)
• Property Taxes
• Real Estate Transfer Taxes
• Employment Taxes

13

Conformity Conflicts

“Jurisdictional Mismatches” may occur. Example:

– PTE operates solely in NH; 70% corporate partner domiciled in UDITPA state, conducts business in many states; PTE distributive share is “non-business” income – NH: Applies entity-level tax on PTE (BPT & BET) using water’s edge combination apportionment factors (no business/non-business distinction) – Domicile state: taxes entire 70% share of “nonbusiness” income to the Partner in state of commercial domicile

NPH LLC

70%

Corporate Partner

Multistate Business Domiciled in UDITPA State $ Distributive Share = Non-business Income 100% in NH

PTE Partner

14

Nexus Issues Affecting Partners

15

Central Nexus Issue

• Key Nexus Question:

– May a state in which the PTE is doing business subject a nonresident corporate partner to the state’s corporate income (or franchise tax) on its distributive share of partnership income, even if the corporate partner has no independent activity in the state?

• Key Policy Question:

– Is it correct to tax a nonresident limited partner on its 2% distributive share but not a nonresident shareholder on its 2% stock ownership in a corporation?

16

Constitutional Framework

• Due Process Clause

– Two requirements: (1) Taxpayer must have sufficient “minimum contacts” with the taxing state and (2) income must have a “rational relationship” to intrastate values of the enterprise – Concern is the “fundamental fairness of government activity” (Quill

• Corp. (1992))

– A state may not subject to tax a nonresident on its ownership of stock in a domestic corporation under the DPC (Shaffer v. Heitner (1977))

• Commerce Clause

– Four Part Test: (1) Substantial Nexus, (2) Fairly Apportioned, (3) Nondiscrimination, (4) Fairly Related (Complete Auto (1977))

• “Unitary” Principles

– The “lynchpin of apportionability … is the unitary-business principle” (Mobil Oil (1980))

17

General Rule

• General Rule: The vast majority of states consider a

corporation’s ownership of an interest in a partnership doing business in the state to be sufficient to create nexus for the corporation, even if the corporate partner has no other contact with the state.

• Issues:

– What theories support this conclusion? – What constitutional principles prohibit taxation? – Does the same rule apply to members of LLCs? – Does the same rule apply to limited partners?

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How Have the Cases Come Out?

Borden (IL 2000): NRLP taxable because LP interest is sufficient “minimum connection”

Non-Resident Limited Partners (NRLP”) TAX NO TAX

Village SM (NJ 2013): NRLP taxable because LP had in-state presence / connection UTELCOM (LA 2011): NRLP not taxable – under state statute

BIS (NJ 2011) / Dutton (VA 2007): NRLP with no connections not taxable – under Constitution

Lanzi (AL 2006): NRLP not taxable - under Constitution (akin to stock)

19

Ancillary Nexus Issue #1 – “Nexus Only”

• Key Issue: Some states require (or allow) combined/consolidated returns
• nly for corporate affiliates that have nexus with the state (“nexus-only”

filings). See Iowa Code Sec. 422.37(2). Does an out-of-state partner qualify as a “nexus” member solely on the basis of the activities of in-state PTE?

• Example: A and C are eligible, but is B by virtue of PTE?

Corp B (no nexus) PTE (nexus) Corp D (no nexus) Corp C (nexus) Corp A (nexus)

20

Ancillary Nexus Issue #1 – “Nexus Only”

• Considerations:

– Yes, but only if the Partner B is taxable in the state by virtue of the PTE’s activities? So, does this mean that a 2% GP may be an eligible member but a 2% LP may not? What impact could this have on the return? – No, if Partner B is only a passive limited partner because a corporate shareholder would not be taxable by virtue of its subsidiary’s nexus? – No, if the state consolidated return statute can be strictly construed to

• nly include the corporate member (Partner B) based on its own

individual activities?

21

Ancillary Nexus Issue #2 – Throw-Back, Throw-Out, Joyce/Finnegan

• Situation 1: Should a corporate

partner’s sales to a destination state where it has no independent nexus be thrown back if the PTE has nexus in the state but it does not?

• Situation 2: Should a PTE’s sales to a

destination state where is has no independent nexus be thrown back if the corporate partner has nexus in the destination state but it does not?

Partner (State A) PTE (State B)

State A

Partner (State A) PTE (State B)

State B

22

Ancillary Nexus Issue #2 – Throw-Back, Throw-Out, Joyce/Finnegan

• Considerations:

– No throwback in either case in states that attribute the activities of the PTE to the partner (e.g., the partner has nexus in the state)? – No throwback only in Situation 1 because a partner can have nexus in the state by virtue of the PTE but a PTE cannot have nexus in a state by virtue of a partner? – Does it matter if the state adopts Joyce or Finnegan?

• In Joyce states, a PTE’s sales (Situation 2) may be subject to throwback despite the fact that the

partner has nexus because each entity’s factors are calculated independent of the others.

• Does it matter if the PTE can be an eligible “member” of a unitary group as opposed to just

corporations being eligible members?

– What is the right answer from a policy perspective? – Should you evaluate a “nexus” position to prevent throwback?

23

Ancillary Nexus Issue #3– PL 86-272

• Key Issue:

– PL 86-272 generally precludes a state from imposing an income tax on an entity whose activities within the state are limited to solicitation of sales of TPP and ancillary activities. Should the activities of an in-state PTE that exceed PL 86-272 subject the out-of-state partner to tax?

• Considerations:

– Similar considerations as throw-back – who is the taxpayer? – MA: if a foreign corporate partner is unitary with its in-state partnership, the activities of the partners are deemed to be the activities of the partner for determining whether the income if the partner is precluded under 86-272 (830 CMR 63.39.1(8)(a)) – Does PL 86-272 apply to the income derived from the PTE? Or does PL 86-272 apply to the corporate partner as the taxpayer under the corporate income tax?

24

Ancillary Nexus Issue #3– PL 86-272

• Example: Arizona Dept. of Rev. v. Central Newspapers (11/3/09):
• Holding: AZ may include Ponderay’s sales in the Partners’ sales factor numerator

because the taxpayer is the Parent and its activities exceeded 86-272. 86-272 does not make certain income tax-exempt – it prevents a state from exercising taxing jurisdiction over a corporate partner. Partners

Ponderay

• Partners = no AZ nexus; Parent has AZ nexus
• Ponderay = AZ nexus but protected by 86-272
• Parent elected to file as part of consolidated

AZ return, including Partners

• Agreement that Ponderay distributive share

was business income included in AZ return

• Issue: whether Ponderay’s sales are

excluded from the consolidated return sales factor numerator on the basis of 86-272?

13.5%

Parent

25

Division of the Tax Base - Apportionment

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• Key Question:

– Once the partner is taxable and the amount and character of the PTE’s tax base has been determined, what method is used to “divide” the partner’s tax base among the states to accomplish fair apportionment?

• Different Approaches:
• 1. Partner Level (Unitary) Method
• 2. Partnership Level (Non-Unitary) Method
• 3. Business/Nonbusiness Income Classifications
• 4. Methods for Special Issues

Central Tax Base Issue

ADVANCED MULTISTATE TAXATION OF PARTNERSHIPS AND INDIVIDUAL PARTNERS

ALLOCATION VS. APPORTIONMENT AGGREGATE VS. ENTITY ISSUES Ned Leiby ned.leiby@ryan.com

January 27, 2016

Multistate Taxation: Compliance & Planning Considerations

• How is FTE income taxed?
• Resident individual owners
• Nonresident individual owners
• Corporate owners
• Tiered FTE structures
• What states require filing of FTE tax returns?

― Individual and corporate owner filing requirements/considerations ― Availability/Requirements for withholding/composites

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Multistate Taxation: Compliance & Planning Considerations

• FTE may need to file and information return:

― With state in which it is organized ― With state(s) in which it does business ― With state(s) in which it derives income ― States in which it derives losses (no income) may not require the filing of a tax return. ― Passive activity loss (NOL?) considerations: ― Is there a need to establish losses absent a state filing requirement? ― Impact on carryovers and composite filings ― Disposition of assets/interest and any state gain recognition ― With states in which it has a resident owner ― Information only: No sourced income(loss)

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Multistate Taxation: Compliance & Planning Considerations

Nexus Business/Nonbusiness Determination Unitary vs Non- unitary

Sourcing: Apportionment or Allocation

• Corp. / Individual

Flow-Through Entities – Nexus to Corporate Partners

• (Qualified) Investment Partnership Exceptions

― Qualified Investment Securities- defined by state ― CT: Trading on own behalf exception

• Corporate partners must combine share NY receipts from partnership with their own NY receipts to

determine if they meet $1 million gross receipts nexus threshold. New law effective 1/1/15- Aggregation requirement.

• Application to Partnership nexus? NY Dept. of Taxation FAQs
• Corporate Partner - California
• Deemed to be doing business in state and unitary with partnership if general partner
• Owe $800 minimum tax
• No consideration given to ownership in partnership with respect to unitary determination

― If unitary, % of apportionment factors will flow through and be combined with factors of corporation

• Unitary status unlikely if corporation is a limited partner. The SBE has declared in
• pinions that it is extremely difficult to overcome the inherent passive investment nature
• f an limited partner interest.

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Nonresident Income From Investment Partnership

“Investment Partnership” Defined per state law; however, in general:

• 90% of the cost of the total assets of the investment

partnership must consist of investment securities, bank or financial institution deposits, office space and equipment reasonably needed to carry on investment activities.

• 90% of its gross income must come from interest, dividends

and gains from sale or exchange of qualifying investment securities.

32

State Non-Conformity with Federal Passive Activity Loss (“PAL”) Rules (IRC § 469)

• Most states piggy-back federal treatment

Exceptions

• California

― CA Form 3801 ― Modifies § 469 ― Definition of Passive Activities (Real Property Trade or Business Professional) ― Calculation of loss on disposition ― Limitation amounts ― Differing basis considerations/tracking

• Maryland

― PALs are limited, based on ratio of loss calculated on federal Form 8582

33

State Non-Conformity with Federal Passive Activity Loss (“PAL”)Rules (IRC § 469)

Pennsylvania

• Income grouped into categories; however, net losses from one

category cannot offset income from different categories.

• Carryover of disallowed losses not allowed.
• Spouses may not offset one another’s income/losses

New Jersey

• Income grouped into categories; however, net losses for each group of

income is disallowed

• Carryover of disallowed losses not allowed

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State Taxation of Nonresidents on Sales of Their Partnership Interests

• Note differences in implications for individual partners versus corporate

partners.

• Individual Income Tax Purposes

― Most states treat the gain as sale of an intangible thereby sourcing the sale to state of domicile/residency. ― Some states require a nonresident to allocate nonbusiness gain based

• n where partnership had activity.
• Nonresident-Sourced to California if the property has a business situs in

California

• Intangible property do not gain a California situs merely because of the

partnership conducts business in California ― Appeal of Ames, 87-SBE-042 ( SBE 6/17/87); Appeal of Bass, 89- SBE -004 (SBE 1/29/89)

35

State Taxation of Nonresidents on Sales of Their Partnership Interests

• Corporate rules may differ. Implications for a corporate partner

largely depend on whether the gain arises from business income or nonbusiness income. ― If the sale is considered nonbusiness, − the gain is typically allocated to the state of commercial domicile. − several states, including California, have rules to allocate the nonbusiness gain based on the underlying partnership’s property or sales factors. ― If the sale is considered business income, then the gain is included in the apportioned tax base. ― Many states have rules that would exclude the proceeds from the sale of a partnership interest from the sales factor. ― California’s new market sourcing regulation includes the sale of partnership interest in the sales factor based on the underlying partnership’s factors.

36

California Sale of Partnership Interest Nonbusiness Income

• Corporate Tax Rules – Nonbusiness Income

― CRTC § 25125(d) provides for look through treatment on the sale of a partnership interest held as a nonbusiness asset. ― If more than 50% of the underlying partnership’s assets consist of tangible property, gain allocated to California based on the ratio of tangible property in California to tangible property everywhere, determined at the time of sale. ― If more than 50% of underlying partnership’s assets consist of intangibles, gain allocated to California based on the partnership’s prior year sales factor.

37

California Sale of Partnership Interest Business Income

• Corporate Tax Rules – Business Income

― Computing California Sales Factor − For sales after 1/1/2013, market sourcing rules in CCR § 25136-2 provide for look through treatment for sale of partnership and closely held corporations. ― If more than 50% of the underlying partnership’s assets consist of tangible property, then proceeds are assigned to the numerator of the sales factor by averaging the underlying partnership’s payroll and property factors. ― If more than 50% of underlying partnership’s assets consist of intangibles, then proceeds are assigned to the numerator of the sales factor based on the underlying partnership’s sales factor.

38

Special Rules: Sale of PTP Interests

• Some states have special allocation rules for sale of publicly-traded

limited partnership (“PTP”) interests.

• Implications for IRC § 751 (“hot assets”) income
• Implications for separate activity rules for PTPs
• Sourcing based on state apportionment factor

― IA ― ID ― OK ― MT

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Michigan

• Flow-Through Entities

― Malpass v. Dept. of Treasury (2013) ― Multistate business income may be reported by individuals through either the unitary or separate-entity method ― Earlier case law held that the sole shareholder of an S corp could not combine apportionment factors of unitary S corps

40

Entity vs. Aggregate Business/ Nonbusiness Determination

• For corporate partners is the business/nonbusiness income determination

made at the partnership level or partner level? ― Majority of states have not addressed

• Arizona & Illinois

― Requires partner level determination ― Arizona Corporation Tax Ruling No 94-2 (4/4/1994) ― Illinois Admin. Code tit. 86, §§ 100.3500(a)(3), 100.3500(b)(1)

• Alabama

― Requires partnership level determination. Alabama Supreme Court ruled gain from the sale of partnership assets was not business income to the corporate partners because such sales were not in the regular course of the partnership’s trade or business.

41

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Line 1, 2, 3 are net income. These amounts usually are not be included in partner’s apportionment factor- depending

• n state and

partner’s relationship with partnership P&L % may be different than capital % PARTNER K-1

Business/Nonbusiness Investment Partnership ?

43

Page 2: CA K-1 Differences between CA And federal amounts

44

Page 3: CA K-1 Amounts should match amount on Form 592-B. CA K-1 issued whether or not composite return is filed. NOTE: Separate Returns. If estimates paid with composite, then likely no w/h.

Be Wary of Different Apportionment Rules/Special Industries

• Be aware of differences in apportionment factor methodology for

corporations and partnerships ― Some states adopt the corporate apportionment rules for determining sourcing of nonresident partnership income ― States that use individual income sourcing rules have many gaps and the sourcing guidance is out dated.

• Example : CT

, NY , PA ― Corporation- Single Factor ― Partnership- Three Factor (Weighted) ― Attendant Nexus Considerations ― CT – Economic Nexus

45

Flow-Through Entities Apportionment and Corporate Partners

• Approaches used by states
• Partnership/Entity Level Approach- Corporate partner includes only

its share of the income/loss of pass through entity as apportioned by the entity, but does not include its share of property, payroll and sales.

― Should any K-1 line items be reflected in factor if business income ?

• Partner/Aggregate Level Approach = “Flow-up of factors”

― Corporate partners combine their percentage share of the pass-through entity’s apportionment factors with their own apportionment factors

46

• California

― If partners are unitary with partnership, then partnership’s factors flow-up to the unitary partner(s). ― If partner(s) are not unitary, then no flow-up ― If partner(s) and partnership are not unitary, but the income is considered business income, then partners must apportion partnership income separately from their other business income. ― California's regulation regarding the treatment of partnership income does not distinguish between a limited and general partnership interest. Because partnership law prohibits a limited partner from exercising a management role with respect to a limited partnership, absent a unitary relationship between the general and limited partner, unity between the limited partnership and its limited partners on the basis of strong centralized management is

• unlikely. However, combination may be a consideration if the partnership and the

limited partner share operational ties.

47

Entity vs. Aggregate Calculation of Apportionment Factor

Illinois: Five Different Apportionment Methods

Apportionment Issues

• Non-Unitary Partnership (No Factor Flow Up) − IITA Sec. 305 (a) and (b)
• Unitary Partnership (Factor Flow Up) − 86 Ill. Admin. Code 100.3380(d)
• Partnership Complete Member of Unitary Group

− 86 Ill. Admin. Code 100.3380(d)(4)

• Investment Partnership under General Rule − IITA Sec. 305(c-5)
• Investment Partnership Income Treated as Business Income − IITA Sec. 305(c-5)

48

Entity vs. Aggregate Calculation of Apportionment Factor

Illinois

• A partnership is required to use combined reporting when engaged in a unitary business with one of its
• partners. If unitary, the partner's distributive share of the business income and apportionment factors of

the partnership must be included in that partner's business income and apportionment factors. If the partner had no other activities in Illinois, the partner would apportion the sum of it income plus its share

• f the partnership income to Illinois using the partnership Illinois sales factors and the partnership

everywhere sales factors. In determining the business income of the partnership, transactions between the unitary partner, or members of its unitary business group, and the partnership are not eliminated. However, all transactions between the unitary business group and the partnership are eliminated for purposes of computing the apportionment factors of the partner and of any other member of the unitary business group. Ill. Admin. Code tit. 86, § 100.3380(d). However, this rule does not apply: ―

• 1. to shares of income from partnerships whose business activity outside the United States is 80

percent or more of its total business activity; ―

• 2. where the partnership has a different apportionment method than the corporate partner; or

―

• 3. where the partnership is not in the same general line of business or a step in a vertically

structured enterprise with the corporate partner. Ill. Admin. Code tit. 86, § 100.3380(c).

49

Entity vs. Aggregate Calculation of Apportionment Factor

• Florida (Fla. Admin. Code Ann. r. 12C-1.015(10))
• Partnership factors flow through to the corporate partners
• Apportionment occurs at the partner level
• Compliance reporting considerations for tiered partnerships
• Massachusetts (Mass. Regs. Code tit. 830, § 63.38.1)
• Partnership factors flow through to corporate partners, if partnership

and corporate partners are engaged in “related business activities.” •

• If they are not engaged in related business activities, corporate

partners separately account for partnership income and apportion it using only the partnership’s factors.

• If corporation owns less than 50% of LP

, presumed not to be doing business in Massachusetts, and apportionment is at partnership level

50

Entity vs. Aggregate Calculation of Apportionment Factor

• New Jersey (NJ Admin. Code tit.18, §18:7-7.6(g)(3))
• Partnership factors flow through to corporate partners, if the

partnership and partners are unitary

• If not unitary, apportion partnership income at the partnership level

and report distributive share of apportioned taxable income without regard to the partners’ separate apportionment factors

• Note BIS, LP decision

― Interplay with w/h

• Oklahoma (Okla. Admin. Code §710:50-17- 51(15)(A))
• Partnership factors do not flow through to the corporate partners.

Income is apportioned at the partnership level and allocated to the state by the corporate partners.

51

Illinois – Tiered Partnership Structure

• If a partnership and a partner are engaged in a unitary business and the partnership is a partner in a

second partnership, the partner's share of the first partnership's share of the base income apportioned to Illinois by the second partnership must be included in the partner's Illinois net income. This treatment applies if the partner is not engaged in a unitary business with the second partnership. However, if the partner is engaged in a unitary business with the second partnership, the partner's share of the first partnership's share of the business income and apportionment factors of the second partnership must be included in the partner's business income and apportionment factors.

• If the partnership is a partner in a second partnership and one of its partners is engaged in a unitary

business with the second partnership, that partner must include in its business income and apportionment factors its share of the partnership's share of the second partnership's business income and apportionment factors. (See Example later in this deck)

• Generally, when a corporation's activities and its partnership's activities are not considered to be in a

unitary group, the partnership allocates its nonbusiness income and apportions its business income which is then added to the corporation's other business income apportioned to Illinois and nonbusiness income allocated to the state. The Illinois income is calculated at the partnership level and merely reflects the partner's share of the partnership income as post–apportionment income or loss.

52

Non-unitary Partnership Income Reporting

53

IL-1120: Non-unitary Partnership Business Income

54

Gross Revenue = Partner’s % of Lines 1,4-7. Net amounts may require further digging for gross revenue. Note potential tiered flow- through issue for line 4 Line 6 – Gross or Net? Line 7 can be many different items (+ & -) 1065 – PAGE 1

55

Make special note of items of foreign income flowing through as this may impact apportionment.

Entity vs. Aggregate Apportionment-Example

EXAMPLE Orange Corp. operates exclusively in State A and generates $2,000,000 of taxable income. It has total revenue of $5,000,000. Orange Corp. is also a general partner in Golden Partnership owning 30% of capital and the same P&L%. Golden generated a taxable loss of ($1,000,000) on total revenue of $ 20,000,000 and operates in States B & C.

56

Golden Partnership Orange

• Corp. (GP)

30%

Example: Flow-Through Apportionment

Orange Corp. Sales % Sales State Income (Loss) State A $5,000,000 100% $2,000,000 State B $0 0% $0 State C $0 0% $0 Total $5,000,000 100% $2,000,000

57

Golden Partnership Sales % Sales State Income (Loss) State A $0 0% $0 State B $15,000,000 75% ($ 750,000) State C $ 5,000,000 25% ($ 250,000) Total $20,000,000 100% ($1,000,000)

Example: Flow-Through Apportionment

Orange Corp. Direct Golden Line 28 Federal Taxable Income $2,000,000 ($300,000) $1,700,000

58

Entity Only Scenario State A $2,000,000 State B ($225,000)* (75% x $300,000) State C ($ 75,000)* (25% x $300,000) Total $1,700,000 * Sourced on State K-1 issued by Golden

Example: Flow-Through Apportionment

Aggregation (Flow-up) Sales Sales % Apportioned Income T.I.= $1,700,000 State A $ 5,000,000 45.45% $ 772,650 State B $ 4,500,000* 40.91% $ 695,470 State C $ 1,500,000** 13.64% $ 231,880 Aggregate Denominator $11,000,000 100.00% $1,700,000

59

* 30% x $15,000,000 ** 30% x $ 5,000,000 Lack of uniformity/mismatch –compare the two approaches.

• If State C is OK?
• If States A & B are IL and CA?
• Unitary/Non-unitary?

Factor Flow-up and Tiered Partnership

Direct Factors from OP, LLC use 25%

25%

60

20% 15% Effective Rate = 20% + (15% * 25%) = 20% + 3.75% = 23.75%

OP, LP OP, LLC INC.

Factor Flow-up and Tiered Partnership

Impact of L.P. interest

• n effective rate

calculation? Can a limited partner be unitary?

61

20% L.P. 15% G.P.

OP, LP OP, LLC INC.

25% L.P.

Additional Considerations For Preparers of Returns

• What information to pass through to partners/investors.
• Does reporting through factor data to partners create confusion for partners

absent significant disclosure?

• Unitary determination must be made at partner level (or jointly with partnership –In

Practice?)

• What do tiered partnerships do?
• Does characterization of receipts of the partnership flow through to the partners?

Michigan – RAB 2015-5 states that receipts that flow through from the partnership that are not “taxed” at the entity level (because they are protected by P . L. 86-272) are not protected at the corporate partner level – Flow through receipts are from an investment, and not from the sale of tangible property

• What percentages to use for performance fee allocations to G.P

.s?

• Any impact of proposed regs. under IRC §707(a)(2)(A) (7/23/15)
• Treats certain partnership distributions as disguised payments for services
• Significant entrepreneurial risk requirement

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Additional Considerations For Preparers of Returns

• Individual partner filing requirements by state
• Need for establishing loss carryovers/state buckets?
• PTPs treated as separate activities
• Receiving/passing through relevant data for estimates
• Asset Managers: Impact of 12/29/15 notice of change to text of proposed market-

based sourcing regulation (CCR § 25-136-2)

• Trends

― Expansion of w/h and composite requirements ― State level impact of new rules adopted by IRS for partnership audit assessments ???

• Different state basis for partnership or assets?

― Depreciation non-conforming states ― Losses allowed/suspended

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Thank You! Ned Leiby Ryan, LLC ned.leiby@ryan.com www.ryan.com

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• Key Issue:

– In some states, if a “business/nonbusiness income” regime exists, and the distributive share is determined to be nonbusiness income, such income is allocated to the appropriate state, instead of apportioned (e.g., to the state of domicile or other sourcing rules applicable to nonbusiness income).

• Considerations:

– Do the allocation rules look to the partner or partnership? For example, if dividend income is allocable to domicile, do you look to the partner’s or the partnership’s commercial domicile? – What is the impact if it is non-business income as opposed to business income?

#3 – Business / Nonbusiness Issues

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• At what level is the business income determination made-

partner or partnership level:

– Most states have no guidance. – Exceptions:

• Partnership Level: AL, CA, IL
• Partner Level: AZ, PA
• If non-business income, the question is to which state is the

income sourced?

#3 – Business / Nonbusiness Issues

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Business / Nonbusiness Example

• Net Income: $1,000,000
• Dividends: $500,000
• Retail: $500,000

Corporation A

• Limited Partner
• 40% Profits Interest / 40% Capital Interest
• Distributive Share: $400,000
• Business: Investment

Corporation A’s State Tax Return:

• 1. Assume retail is business income/apportionable
• 2. Assume dividends are nonbusiness income

allocable outside of state

• 4. Non-Unitary (LP/no control, 40% capital)
• 5. $250,000 state tax liability
• Retail: $150,000 ($200,000 x 75% appt)
• Dividends: $200,000 ($200,000 x 0%)

Liability may vary depending upon domicile rule! A PTE

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(a) What problems exist with tiered partnerships?

– Timing Issues / Withholding Regimes / Composite Returns

(b) Do the same sourcing rules apply if the partnership has individual partners instead of corporate?

– Some states adopt the corporate apportionment rules for determining sourcing of nonresident partnership income (e.g., MA) – For those states that still apply individual income sourcing rules, many of the sourcing guidance remains vague and archaic – Differences may include whether the sale is treated as a sale of an intangible or sale of tangible assets, and whether gain is source to situs of partnership

#4 – Special Issues

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Business/Non-Business Income

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Business v. Non-Business Income

• Transactional Test

– Income arising from transactions and activity in the regular course of the taxpayer's trade or business

• Functional Test

– Includes income from tangible and intangible property if the acquisition, management, and disposition of the property constitute integral parts of the taxpayer's regular trade or business

• perations

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Transactional Test

• Identify transactions and activity occurring in

the regular trade or business

– Generally, all transactions that are dependent upon or contribute to the operations

• Three standard tests:

– Frequency and regularity of transactions – Former business practices – Subsequent use of proceeds (reinvestment or distribution)

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Functional Test

• Identify whether the transaction is an integral

part of the taxpayer’s trade or business

– Focus on whether property was used in trade or business – Frequency is generally irrelevant – In the case of a disposition of assets, state may look at whether the disposition itself is an integral part of the business operations (e.g., IA, AL, TN, NC, IL, PA)

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Business v. Non-Business Income

• Minnesota

– Firstar Corp v. Commr. Rev. – Capital gain from sale of office building was nonbusiness income – Applied transactional test

• Infrequent: Taxpayer had not previously sold

commercial property

• Subsequent use of proceeds: Not reinvested in the
• ngoing business operations – treated as dividend to

shareholders

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Business v. Non-Business Income

• California

– Jim Beam Brands Co v. FTB

• Gain from the sale of a unitary subsidiary is business

income

• Applied functional test
• Gain was business income because the property while
• wned by taxpayer was used to produce business

income

• Court rejected argument that disposition of property is

not an integral part of the business

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Business v. Non-Business Income

• Is business/non-business income

determination made at:

– The partnership level? – The partner level?

• Not much guidance; only a handful of states

have addressed in public guidance

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Compliance Headaches/ Withholding Requirements

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• Key Issues:

– The obligation of nonresident partners to file returns and pay taxes in every state where a partnership does business creates an administrative nightmare for both state tax authorities, PTE management and partners – Must a nonresident partner file returns in every state where a PTE does business? – What method is required/optional – nonresident filing, withholding regime or composite filing?

Compliance / Administrative Issues

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• General Rule: withholding at the source is generally required

for PTEs with nonresident partners.

– Typically pay at the highest individual or corporate tax rate (multiplied by the owner’s distributive share of income attributable to the state)

• Typical Exemptions:

– Partner provides an exemption certificate certifying it will file/pay tax individually – Partner is tax-exempt – Partner files as part of a composite return – PTE is a specialized entity (e.g., investment partnership) – Partner is not a nonresident

Withholding Regimes

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• Some states have threshold based on income or tax

– May be applied to the entity or to a specific owner – Ex. MI- Requires PTEs with Michigan-sourced business income of over $200,000 to withhold on behalf of owners that are PTEs or corporations – Other states thresholds very low

• Some rates impose rate differentials that become complex

with tiered structures

– Lower tier may have to look to upper tier – Ex. MI- requires withholding for both PTE and corporate owners at the full 6% corporate. If the PTE knows the ultimate owner of the upper- tier PTE is a non-resident individual, it may instead withhold at the individual rate, currently 4.25%.

Withholding Challenges

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• In some states, withholding may not be compulsory

– May depend on type of owner, i.e. trust, corproration – May depend on type of PTE – May exempt certain type of entities

• Sometimes voluntary at option of PTE and/or owners
• Also it may make sense to withhold

– May eliminate need to disclose taxpayer sensitive information.

.

Withholding Challenges

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• Some states allow owners to explicitly elect out of

withholding.

– Waiver usually required – May be perpetual or required to be renewed – Keep part of books and records – May need to provide to state

• Why elect not to withhold?

– Owner has losses in state and no tax will be due – Owner already making estimated tax payments – Prefer to file composite return

Withholding Elections

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• Under-report which results in penalties

– Based on difference in tax rates between PTE and owner

• Tiered Entities- special risks

– Withholding may be required by all levels and then there are duplicative payments

• In this situation may want to elect out.

– Run higher risk of under-reporting – Attributable to differences in apportionment methodologies between the business and the owner

Withholding Risks

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• Timing issues with estimated tax payments

– Often quarterly payments but seasonal business.

• Under-report which results in penalties

– Based on difference in tax rates between PTE and owner

• Tiered Entities- special risks

– Withholding may be required by all levels and then there are duplicative payments

• In this situation may want to elect out.

– Run higher risk of under-reporting – Attributable to differences in apportionment methodologies between the business and the owner

Withholding Risks

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• Conflict between state reporting requirements and legal

requirements for the PTE

– Ex. S corporations – Distributions made to owners must be made on a basis proportionate to ownership, otherwise the S-corporation runs the risk of inadvertent termination of its S-election under 2 scenarios:

• Owners are residents of multiple states and

participation in withholding is limited to non- residents.. Disproportionate distributions can result in termination of the S-corporation election.

• When the PTE is owned by different types of entities

under different withholding regime.

Withholding Risks

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• Typical Conditions:

– Requirement of an election/consent to participate is common (some require consent to be submitted, some require it to be executed and available but not filed, some require an annual filing) – Limitation of composite returns to individual partners (no corporate

• r PTE partners but some allow trust members to participate)

– Preclusion of composite returns if the partner has in-state income from other sources – Agreement that PTE is authorized to resolve any audit/pay deficiency

Composite Regimes

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Why Is It a Nightmare?

• Lack of uniformity among withholding/composite regimes. Variations

include:

– Composite return wherein nonresident consents to taxation – Nonresident withholding required – Estimated tax payments are required – Withholding done but PTE remains contingently liable

• Thresholds of minimum distributions vary
• Lack of clear guidance and forms within each state
• Compliance software is often outdated
• Communication/documentation to/from partners not always timely
• Difficulties exist in how to account/report refunds and audit issues to

partners

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Why Is It a Nightmare?

• Complexities with multi-tiered structures as outlined herein
• PTE funding issues should be established for partner liabilities
• Transferee liability/management after PTE ceases operations
• Partners not subject to withholding or composite return must typically

agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the state and agree to pay tax on the

• wner’s distributive share of PTE income

– Be careful – do you want to submit to the jurisdiction of the state? Do you have a choice?

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Take-Aways

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• Develop a “due diligence” checklist for all PTEs
• Establish multistate matrix addressing:

Significant jurisdictional/nexus rules State method of dividing the tax base Specialized issues (credits, throwback, etc.) Required forms (withholding, etc.) Specialized entity exemptions

• Confer with business development / legal teams on proper terms

to include in entity agreements (reporting requirements, deadlines, information management, audit management)

SALT Department Tools

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QUESTIONS? THANK YOU!

Breen M. Schiller T: (312) 606-3220 bschiller@saltlawyers.com Horwood Marcus & Berk Chartered 500 W. Madison Street, Suite 3700 Chicago, IL 60661 www.saltlawyers.com Jennifer A. Zimmerman T: (312) 606-3247 jzimmerman@saltlawyers.com