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Addr Addres essing t g the Ga he Gap: p: Identi tifying Varyin ing Le Levels of s of Pro ro-En Envi viron onmental al B Beha ehavi viour in t the e Cana nadian P Popu opulation MATTHEW HEW P PERKS, M MA SOCIOL OLOG

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Addr Addres essing t g the Ga he Gap: p: Identi tifying Varyin ing Le Levels of s of Pro ro-En Envi viron

  • nmental

al B Beha ehavi viour in t the e Cana nadian P Popu

  • pulation

MATTHEW HEW P PERKS, M MA SOCIOL OLOG OGY, CONCOR ORDIA U UNIVER VERSITY 9TH QICSS NEW RESEARCHERS CONFERENCE

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SLIDE 2

Ou Outline

  • Research Question
  • Theoretical Content
  • Past & Current Research
  • Methodology
  • Preliminary Results
  • Future Directions
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SLIDE 3

Resear earch Qu Ques estion

  • n

To identify dimensions of eco-citizenship using the Households and Environment Survey (2013) using a factor analysis technique.

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Th Theoretic tical C l Con

  • ntent

Ecological Citizenship, defined “Eco-citizenship is defined as a transformative way to reshape the relationship between humans, nature, non-humans, and other humans (Jagers, Martinsson and Matti 2014).” “An eco -citizen also refers to individuals who, regardless of their political orientation, take on environmental responsibilities towards humans and nonhumans (Dobson 2003; Henderson and Ikeda 2004).”

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SLIDE 5

Th Theoretic tical C l Con

  • ntent

Ecological Citizenship, operationalized “To study ecological citizenship within the Canadian population through the designing of a new index allowing for quantitative analysis to identify factors associated with different levels of engagement of eco-citizenship.” “The proposed index will capture levels of engagement based on participation in activities that could be considered indicative of contributing to eco-citizenship, including both levels of high or extreme engagement as well as low levels.”

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Pas ast and C Curren ent R Resea earch

“Gap” between individual’s environmental beliefs and their environmental actions (Kennedy et al. 2009) Those that value the public good over personal prosperity more likely to engage in sustainable energy practices (Poortinga, Steg, and Vlek 2004) Not only attitudes of individuals, but also their context and opportunities, that affect environmental behaviours (Poortinga, Steg, and Vlek 2004) Lack of incentives (either monetary or personal), lack of knowledge and surrounding political and social infrastructure as reasons why this gap exists (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002)

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Method

  • dol
  • logy
  • gy
  • Households and Environment Survey (HES), cycle 2013, N = 22,363 households

Analysis Plan

  • Factor Analysis applied to a set of selected indicators (N = 16)
  • Contextualization through cross-tabulations of independent variables with dimensions and

cumulative index

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SLIDE 8
  • Green Consumer Behaviours

(N = 4) Example: Frequently uses own bags/containers to carry groceries, Yes/No

  • Water Conservation

(N = 3) Example: Devices used to conserve or reduce consumption of water, Yes/No

  • Connection to Nature

(N = 4) Example: Activities aimed at conservation/protection of environment without pay, Yes/No

  • Sustainable Household Behaviours

(N = 5) Example: Composted kitchen waste during previous 12 months, Yes/No

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Variables R s Rem emoved: R Rep epeti titi tive

  • Dwelling has a low flow showerhead
  • Dwelling has a low volume toilet
  • Dwelling has a barrel or cistern to collect rain water
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Var ariables es R Removed ed: Missing V g Val alues es/Target Pop

  • pula

latio tion

  • Composted yard waste in previous 12 months
  • Planted trees on property in past 5 years
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SLIDE 11

Removed ed V Var ariables es: Adequacy o y of Qu Ques estion

  • n
  • Purchases to feed or shelter birds
  • Participated in outdoor activities
  • Taught about nature without pay
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Remaining V g Var ariab ables es o

  • f Inter

eres est

  • Devices used to conserve or reduce consumption of water
  • Composted kitchen waste
  • Grew vegetables, herbs, fruits, or flowers
  • Activities aimed at conservation/protection of environment without pay
  • Purchases foods advertised as being locally grown/produced
  • Purchases “green” cleaning products
  • Use own bags/containers to carry groceries
  • Visited any parks or public greenspaces
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Prelim limin inary Res esults

KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .703 Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

  • Approx. Chi-

Square 7895.0 81 df 28 Sig. .000 Communalities Initial Extraction Devices used to conserve or reduce consumption of water 1.000 .283 Composted kitchen waste during previous 12 months 1.000 .448 Grew vegetables, herbs, fruits or flowers - previous 12 months 1.000 .482 Activities aimed at conservation/protection of environment without pay 1.000 .268 Purchased foods advertised as local always/often 1.000 .543 Purchased green cleaning products always/often 1.000 .535 Uses own bags/containers always/often 1.000 .258 Visited any parks or public greenspaces in past 12 months 1.000 .137 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

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Prelim limin inary Res esults

Rotated Component Matrixa Component “Daily Green Behaviours” “Household Green Behaviours” Devices used to conserve or reduce consumption of water .031 .531 Composted kitchen waste during previous 12 months .057 .667 Grew vegetables, herbs, fruits or flowers - previous 12 months .094 .688 Activites aimed at conservation/protection of environment without pay .230 .464 Purchased foods advertised as local always/often .729 .103 Purchased green cleaning products always/often .729 .058 Uses own bags/containers always/often .505 .047 Visited any parks or public greenspaces in past 12 months .303 .213 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

  • a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations.
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SLIDE 15

Prelim limin inary Res esults

Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .423 4 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .420 4 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .536 8

Dimension 1: Household Green Behaviours Dimension 2: Daily Green Behaviours Cumulative with all variables

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Ind ndex o

  • f B

Behaviours I Ind ndicative of Eco-Citizenship

2,1% 5,6% 9,1% 13,9% 18,8% 20,1% 16,5% 10,4% 3,5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Number of reported behaviours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Future D e Direc ection

  • ns

Contextualizing based on Household Characteristics

  • Income
  • Education
  • Family-composition
  • French/English
  • Region
  • Urban/Rural
  • Type of dwelling – detached home versus apartment
  • Number of people in the household

Further Analysis of some variables

  • Composting – issue of access to programs
  • Devices used conserving water – easier for homeowners/those with yards
  • Grew vegetables, etc. – easier for those with yards
  • Conservation – done with organization or independently, which activities more common
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Future D e Direc ection

  • ns

Issues

  • Should items be weighted or not? Some behaviours are “more difficult” than
  • thers, should they receive a heavier weight towards the index compared to

“easier” behaviours.

Implications of Project

  • For future research using the Households and Environment Survey
  • Further development of instruments to measure eco-citizenship in other

populations

  • Policy implications allowing targeted programs to certain populations based
  • n lower index scores
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Thank you!

MATTHEW HEW P PERKS, M MA SOCIOL OLOG OGY, CONCOR ORDIA U UNIVER VERSITY 9TH QICSS NEW RESEARCHERS CONFERENCE