Activities of the OECD/ NEA In the Field of Decommissioning Patrick - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Activities of the OECD/ NEA In the Field of Decommissioning

Patrick O’Sullivan NEA Secretariat Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar 14-16 September 2010

1 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

• OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
• NEA Working Structure in Decommissioning
• Examples of Recent and ongoing Work in

Decommissioning

• Cross Cutting and Transversal Issues
• Decommissioning Issues for Future Attention

Plan of Talk Plan of Talk

2 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

• Canada, United States, M exico

Canada, United States, M exico

• Austria, Belgium, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Austria, Belgium, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherland Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, s, Norway, Portugal, Slovak Rep., Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Unit Norway, Portugal, Slovak Rep., Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United ed Kingdom, Turkey; Kingdom, Turkey;

• Australia, J

apan, Republic of Korea Australia, J apan, Republic of Korea

• ... developing the scientific, technological and legal bases for a safe,

environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy ...

• provide authoritative assessments and forge common understandings as

input to government decisions and policy analyses…

OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) M ember Countries & M ission

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• Decommissioning-focused groups under the RWMC

– WPDD - Working Party on Decommissioning and

Dismantling

– CPD - Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning

• Generic and transversal issues addressed by other

committees and groups

– Stakeholder Confidence (RWM C/ FSC) – Regulation (RWM C Regulator’s Forum) – International Liability Conventions (NLC) – Economics of the Fuel Cycle (NDC) – Radiation Protection (CRPPH)

NEA Committees and Working Groups Contributing to Decommissioning

4 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

5

Radwaste and Decommissioning at NEA

WP on Decommissioning and Dismantling (WPDD) Integration Group for the Safety Case (IGSC) Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC)

Regulators Forum RWM C - RF Radioactive Waste M anagement Committee RWM C

Integrating Geologic Information - AMIGO Decommissioning Costs Estimation Group (DCEG) Task Group on R&D Reversibility & Retrievability Project

[* ] Co-operative projects

Sorption Project – (SORPTION III) [* ] Co-operative Programme

• n Decommissioning

(CPD) [* ] Thermochemical Database – (TDB IV) [* ] Methods for Safety Assessment (MeSA) Expert Group on Argillaceous Media – (Clay Club) Task Group on Large Components Long term Preservation of Memory & Knowledge Project

Working Party on Decommissioning and Dismantling (WPDD)

• The WPDD is a Working Party (discipline-oriented sub-

group) of the Radioactive Waste M anagement Committee (RWM C)

• The WPDD was installed in 1999 to strengthen the NEA’s

engagement in decommissioning

• The WPDD is composed of nominees from NEA M ember

countries with responsibility, overview, and/ or experience in the field of decommissioning.

• The WPDD takes advantages of a mixed regulator/

implementer membership

Decommissioning-focused Work : The RWM C/ WPDD

6 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

NEA Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning (CPD)

• Sharing of Technical and Scientific Information Amongst Major

International Decommissioning Projects

• Joint Undertaking under Art 5 of the NEA Statute
• Based on specific Agreement between Participants (Confidentiality

Provisions)

• Self financed (Programme Co-ordinator); NEA provides secretariat

to M anagement Board

• Twenty-five years of information exchange on decommissioning

projects; current agreement period 2009 –2013

• See further presentation by Jan Carlsson (Session 4: Lessons

Learned)

Decommissioning-focused Work : The NEA-CPD

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57 Projects, 23 Organisations, 13 Countries

 All stages of decommissioning:

Category 1: Planned and Ongoing Category 2: Dormant Category 3: Terminated

 35 NPPs and Research Reactors (29 cat. 1)

• PWR, BWR, D2O
• GCR, AGR, HTGR, VVER,
• FBR (sodium cooled)

 22 Fuel Cycle Facilities (18 cat. 1)

• Radio-chemical labs, fuel storage bay,

isotope handling

• Processing
• Fuel material plants

NEA Co-operative Programme for Decommissioning (CPD)

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 8

Examples of Recent and Ongoing Work of the WPDD

• Release of materials and sites
• Cost drivers and reporting

requirements for decommissioning

• Applying decommissioning

experience to new power plants

• M anagement of large components
• R&D needs for decommissioning
• Characterisation?
• Site remediation?

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• Clearance – removal of radioactive material from regulatory control
• is an important aspect of decommissioning, principally because of

the impact it can have on the volume of waste that must disposed

• WPDD S

tudy (2008) provides and analyses information on an array

• f national approaches to clearance:

– The concept of clearance is applied de facto in almost all

countries, either through generic criteria, or through site- specific assessments

– Internationally agreed values and guidance on scenarios exist

to develop clearance levels. International guidance in IAEA and EC reports historically based on 10µSv/ a individual dose; 1 man-Sv collective dose

• 1. Release of M aterials and Buildings

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– National criteria are mostly based on international

guidance, but vary considerably

– M aterials crossing borders need to be managed through

international consensus and agreement

– Harmonisation has been achieved to a large extent;

further steps should be considered with great care

– Implementation of clearance is generally complex and

requires good planning to avoid high costs.

Release of M aterials and Buildings (cont’d)

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• Current international guidance for radionuclide quantities and

concentrations based on individual and collective dose, and scenario considerations: – IAEA BSS (exemption) levels for moderate quantities based on dosimetric

considerations

– RS-G-1.7 for bulk quantities will be used for clearance and exemption of

significant quantities of artificial radionuclides

• Evolution of the BSS

– The new BSS will keep the same approach but the use of a collective dose

criterion will be discontinued

– nuclide-specific criteria for Clearance and Exemption will be kept but

updated

– RS-G-1.7 values to be incorporated

Release of M aterials and Buildings (cont’d) Clearance and the new (Draft) BSS

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• Confidence that necessary funds will be available rests on sound cost

models and estimating methods. Format, content and practice of cost estimation vary considerable between countries.

• WPDD Study (2010) :
• Cost methodologies need to be updated continuously using cost data

from actual decommissioning projects – systematic approaches need to be implemented to collect these data.

• Changes and growth of project scope may have the greatest impact
• n project costs – these must identified immediately and

incorporated into the estimate.

• Other important cost drivers include changes in regulatory

requirements; Stakeholder impact; Level of characterisation of material inventory; Availability of waste management routes.

• 2. Decommissioning Cost Estimates

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NEA/ IAEA/ EC “ Yellow Book” Project on Standardised Cost Structure

• Update YB (1999) cost structure to remove ambiguities and

to provide greater consistency with conventional project management procedures

• Provide a Users’ Manual to guide users on the use of the YB,

including QA, data traceability of data; treatment of contingency, risk management and uncertainty; and on preparation of a cost and schedule report

Decommissioning Cost Estimates (cont’d)

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Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

Yellow Book Project (2009-2010): M ain Objectives

• M ain Objectives
• Update YB cost structure to remove

ambiguities and to provide greater consistency with conventional project management procedures

• Provide a Users’ M anual to guide users
• n the use of the YB, including QA,

data traceability of data; treatment of contingency, risk management and uncertainty; and on preparation of a cost and schedule report

15

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 16

Standardised Listing of Items for Decommissioning Costing

01 Pre-decommissioning actions 02 Facility shutdown activities 03 Additional activities for safe enclosure or entombment 04 Dismantling activities within the controlled area 05 Waste processing, storage and disposal 06 Site infrastructure and operation 07 Conventional dismantling and demolition and site restoration 08 Project management, engineering and support 09 Research and development 10 Fuel and nuclear material 11 Other costs

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 17

Chapter 01: Pre-decommissioning actions

• Activities prior/ for obtaining the decommissioning license
• Planning, costing, characterization, inventory, safety evaluation
• Grading from the preliminary feasibility studies to detailed

decommissioning documentation for licensing

• Specific engineering/ managing activities performed by own

personnel/ contracted

• Under operational license
• Paid from decommissioning/ owner’s fund; should be defined in

assumption and boundary conditions

01.0100 Decommissioning planning and studies 01.0101 Strategic studies 01.0102 Conceptual planning 01.0103 Detailed planning 01.0200 Facility characterisation for planning and licensing 01.0201 Detailed facility characterisation 01.0202 Hazardous-material surveys and analyses 01.0203 Establishing a facility inventory database 01.0300 Safety-, security- and environmental studies 01.0301 Decommissioning safety analysis 01.0302 Environmental impact assessment 01.0303 Safety-, security and emergency planning for site

• perations

01.0400 Waste management planning 01.0401 Establishing decommissioning criteria 01.0402 Develop a waste management plan 01.0500 Authorisation 01.0501 License applications and license approvals 01.0502 Stakeholders involvement 01.0600 Preparing management group and contracting 01.0601 M anagement team activities 01.0602 Contracting activities

Start of Decommissioning

License for Operation License(´s) for Decommissioning

Operation Shutdown Transition Period End State Release of buildings Site Release 01.0101 01.0102 01.0103 01.0200 01.0300 01.0400 01.0500 01.0601 08.0201 02.0400 08.0202 08.0203 05.0100, 08.0303 04.0204 08.0201 01.0602

• M ost current research for decommissioning is applied rather

than fundamental, e.g. customising techniques from other applications

• WPDD initiative (Task Group)

– to define aspects of decommissioning with greatest potential

for future improvements through R&D

– Final product(s): Listing and prioritisation of R&D and

innovation needs and supporting analysis (2011)

• 3. Research & Development Needs

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• Potential high priorities areas

– Characterisation prior to dismantling (e.g. measuring beta

emitting radionuclides; rapid characterisation of surfaces)

– Decontamination and remediation (e.g. removing

contamination from concrete and metal surfaces)

– Segmentation (e.g. underwater cutting techniques and

reduction of secondary waste)

– M aterials and waste management (e.g. management of

irradiated graphite and mixed waste)

– Site characterisation and environmental monitoring (e.g.

detection of mobile radionuclides in soil and groundwater)

Research & Development Needs (cont’d)

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• WPDD initiative (Task Group) : developing a

methodology to optimise the management of large components from decommissioning

– Consider all management steps, such as treatment and

conditioning, transportation, as well as the relevant parameters for decisions making).

– Promote an integrated approach addressing the interests

• f all involved parties (decommissioners, regulators,

public, waste agencies, transporters, waste owners… )

• Final product(s): A guideline report on options for the

management of large components (2011)

• 4. M anagement of Large Components

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M anagement of large components (cont’d) Overall Optimisation

Decommissioning (removal, segmentation, treatment… ) Transportation Treatment Storage Disposal Recycling

Illustrations from Studsvik, EWN, GNS, SKB, Andra… 21 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

Some considerations:

• One piece disposal may require physical changes to and

perhaps relicensing of waste repository

• Reducing worker exposure on site may result in

increased exposure in later steps

• Providing interim waste storage facilities away from the

site may increase overall waste management costs

• Direct disposal of large components will reduce

significantly the number of transport journeys, though the individual journeys will be more disruptive

• 4. M anagement of Large Components

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WPDD Study and joint NEA/ IAEA Brochure (2010)

– Decommissioning increasingly recognized as an important aspect of

plant design and management, playing a role during the whole life cycle of the plant

– Preliminary decommissioning plan should be developed for licensing –

focuses attention on D&D at the design stage

– M any design requirements for improved O&M will also be beneficial

for decommissioning, though designers need also to focus directly on D&D, e.g. sequential dismantling sequences and egress routes

– Plant configuration management should be considered from the

• utset, e.g. systems for maintaining records of physical configuration

and records of leaks and other incidents

– Dismantling experience should be systematically collected, analysed

and recorded

• 5. Lessons Learned for New Build :

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• International Liabilities Conventions (Paris, Vienna and

Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage) – Exemption of facilities in decommissioning from the

requirements of the Conventions (criteria)

– Exemption from Convention would:

• Acknowledge of reduced risk after fuel removal
• Not require specific accident-related insurance
• Education Training and Knowledge M anagement

– Update of 2000 NEA study – Elaborate job taxonomy and skills/ competency matrix to run a

nuclear programme (including decommissioning activities)

Cross-cutting and Transversal Issues (1)

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• ISOE Occupational Exposure Data

– Working to add detailed occupational exposure data,

relevant to facilities under decommissioning, to database …and other relevant activities within the

– Forum on Stakeholder Confidence (FSC) – RWM C Regulators’ Forum – Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health

(CRPPH)

Cross-cutting and Transversal Issues (2)

25 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

• Based on its recent work, the country information

provided at its meetings and an analysis of trends, the WPDD notes eight specific challenges for decommissioning that should be further addressed in the coming years.

Future Challenges for Decommissioning

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 26

• Policy, Regulation and Strategies

National differences in criteria for clearance of materials and for release of sites from regulatory control continue to be a challenge both from a decommissioning strategy perspective and as an issue in the dialogue with stakeholders.

• Funding and Costs

Different formats, content and practice of cost estimation make it difficult to compare estimates, even for similar types of facilities. Standardising the way decommissioning cost estimates are structured and reported would give greater transparency to the decommissioning process.

Future Challenges for Decommissioning (1)

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 27

• Strategies and Techniques

Radiological characterization is a key element of decommissioning, from planning, to cost estimates, to evaluation and control of operator doses and waste volumes, and also for material-, building- and site release.

• M aterials M anagement

Decommissioning and material and waste management are very interdependent. Overall optimisation in the context of this interdependency is a complex issue that deserves attention.

Future Challenges for Decommissioning (2)

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 28

• R&D

M uch of the current R&D is project specific. There are however relevant research activities also outside the nuclear industry. The conversion of these research activities into decommissioning applications requires good interaction between all actors.

• Organisational Factors

A variety of contracting arrangements are applied to major decommissioning projects. An associated issue is the maintenance

• f an appropriate safety culture throughout the supply chain and

the use of performance indicators as a means of ensuring that this is being achieved.

Future Challenges for Decommissioning (3)

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 29

• Knowledge Consolidation

Compiling information on lessons learned from decommissioning and making these available, is an important endeavor and remains a difficult issue. More efforts are needed to further improve the processes for sharing experience and to providing access to information on lessons learned.

• Nuclear New Build

It is relevant to collect lessons to be passed on for new build. This should lead to shorter timeframes for decommissioning and production of less waste, which will translate directly into cost gains and may also have advantages vis-à-vis stakeholders, to reassure them that a decommissioning sequence has been identified ahead of time.

Future Challenges for Decommissioning (4)

Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 30

Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities : “It Can and Has Been Done”

• WPDD Web page:

http:/ / www.nea.fr/ rwm/ wpd d.html/

• RWM C web page of country

profiles and reports: http:/ / www.nea.fr/ rwm/ prof iles/

• NEA Publications:

http:/ / www.nea.fr/ pub/

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Publications (www.nea.fr/ rwm/ wpdd.html)

Reports released in 2010:

• Applying Decommissioning Experience to the Design and Operation of New Nuclear

Power Plants (WPDD Report, also in French)

• Decommissioning Considerations for New Nuclear Power Plants (Booklet, jointly with

IAEA) (also in French)

• Cost Estimation for Decommissioning: International Overview of Cost Elements,

Estimation Practices and Reporting Requirements (DCEG Report)

• Towards Greater Harmonisation of Decommissioning Cost Estimates (DCEG) (Booklet,

jointly with IAEA) (also in French)

• Decontamination and Dismantling of Concrete Structures (CPD report) – in preparation!
• Decommissioning of Nuclear Plants: it can and has been done (Brochure, also in French,

German, Finnish, Japanese and Italian)

• A M ap of International Activities in Decommissioning and Dismantling (Committee

Report)

• Proceedings of the WPDD-10 Topical Session on “ M anagement of Large Components

from Decommissioning to Storage and Disposal”

32 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

Activities of the OECD/ NEA In the Field of Decommissioning

Patrick O’Sullivan NEA Secretariat Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar 14-16 September 2010

33 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

11th Annual M eeting

WPDD-11, November 2010 (DOE, Washington D.C.)

–

Topical Session “R&D and Innovation Needs for Decommissioning”

–

Special Session on “US Decommissioning Scene” (covering both commercial and legacy sites)

–

Site visit to DOE’s Savannah River Site

–

Planned new project on ‘The role of radiological characterisation in decommissioning of nuclear facilities’

–

Agree Strategic Document for 2011-2016 (Phase 3)

34 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

Research & Development Needs

 M ost current research for decommissioning is applied rather than fundamental, e.g. customising techniques from other applications  Current research issues in national programmes:

 Characterisation prior to dismantling (e.g. measuring beta emitting radionuclides)  Decontamination and remediation (e.g. removing contamination from concrete surfaces)  Segmentation (e.g. underwater cutting techniques)  M aterials and waste management (e.g. management of irradiated graphite)  Site characterisation and environmental monitoring (e.g. detection of mobile radionuclides in soil and groundwater

35 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010

High Priorities for Future Research – WPDD Study (ongoing)

 Characterisation

 Remote and non destructive techniques for rapid characterisation of surfaces and difficult- to-access structures  M easuring activity of pure beta emitters  M obile laboratories

 Decontamination and remediation

 Techniques for removal of surface contamination from metals and concrete  Removal of contaminated heels and residues from tanks  Optimisation of use of robotics

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High Priorities for Future Research – WPDD Study (ongoing)

 Segmentation and dismantling

 Underwater cutting techniques and reduction of secondary waste  Camera scanning and 3D modelling to guide remote cutting technologies

 M aterials and waste management

 Treatment of chemical, organic and mixed waste  M onitoring of waste packages during interim storage

 Site characterisation and environmental monitoring

 3D modelling of radionuclide movement in soil and groundwater and associated long term remote monitoring

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Optimising Decommissioning and Waste M anagement

38 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010 Source: ENRESA

Regulatory Implications of D&D: Conclusions from WPDD Study (completed)



Nuclear hazards reduce, conventional industrial hazards increase; greater risk of exposure through contamination



Safety culture and standards must be maintained even in a more dynamic site environment with changing contractors



Regulatory requirements should be commensurate with hazard, recognising novelty and uncertainty, e.g. more reliance on internal authorisation (by licensee) with regulator

• versight



Equipment qualification system should be commensurate with relevant safety classification, and should be flexible



Essential to maintain up-to-date safety documentation in a changing situation

39 Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Seminar: 14-16 September 2010