ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 2 Univers rsit - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 2 Univers rsit - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 2 Univers rsit ity y Putra a Malaysia ysia - Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other Consultants of their Requirements Item Verti tical Load {V} Horizon zonta tal

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Univers rsit ity y Putra a Malaysia ysia

ACR 3413 BASIC STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 3 Lecture 2

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2

  • Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other

Consultants of their Requirements

  • Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again

Item Verti tical Load {V} Horizon zonta tal Load {H} Conceptual Design  X Loading TODAY’S LECTURE X Scheme Design X X Analysis X X Design X X

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  • Communication - Talk to Architect, M&E Engineer and Other

Consultants of their Requirements

  • Conceptual Design (V & H)
  • Loading Estimation (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheet, Commercial

Software)

  • Scheme Design (V & H) (Hand, Data Tables from Books)
  • Analysis (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software)
  • Design (V & H) (Hand, Spreadsheets, Commercial Software)
  • Quality Control (QA) (V & H) - Do It All Again and Again
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Types of Loading DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ Nature of Loading Mass, Pressure, UDL and Point Load Dead Load, Superimposed Dead Load and Live Load Definition, Code Value Load Path Concepts of Load Paths

  • Page | 4
  • Load Calculation

Examples

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Types of Loading

Dead Load Self Weigh ght t / Dead d Load ad (Member Weight) t), , DL Supe perimpo pose sed d Dead d Load ad (Soi

  • il,

, Water, Ceiling, , Etc.), , SDL Live Load ad Live Load ad (Human an, Furnitu ture, , Etc.), LL

6

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Live Load, LL Self Weight / Dead Load, DL Superimposed Dead Load, SDL

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1) 1) Mass (kg) (3-D) D) The mass of an object is a measure how heavy the

  • bject

is. It is measured in units of grams (g) or kilograms (kg). 2) Pressure (kN kN/m /m2) (2-D) D) Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an

  • bject per unit area (kN/m2) over

which that force is distributed. 3) Unifor

  • rml

mly y Distr tribu bute ted Load (UDL) (kN kN/m) m) (1-D) D) UDL is a load that is evenly spread along a length such as brick wall on

  • slab. It is

measured in units of (kN/m). 4) Point t Load (kN kN) (0-D) D) A point load is a load applied to a single, specific point on a structural

  • member. It is

measured in units of (kN).

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1) 1) Mass (kg) (3-D) D) Made e up of the e followi

  • wing

g types es of loading  DL DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ 2) Pressure (kN kN/m /m2) (2-D) D) Made up of the followi

  • wing

g types of loading  DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ 3) Unifor

  • rml

mly y Distr tribu bute ted Load (UDL) (kN kN/m) m) (1-D) D) Made up of the followi

  • wing

g types of loading  DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ 4) Point t Load (kN kN) (0-D) D) Made up of the followi

  • wing

g types of loading  DL, SDL, LL, NHL, WL, EQ

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Mass 3-D (tonnes / kN / kg) Pressure 2-D (kN/m2) UDL 1-D (kN/m) Point Load 0-D (kN) Flow Path

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Mercedes One car = 2500 kg = 2.5 tonnes = 25kN Proton Saga One car = 1000 kg = 1.0 tonnes = 10kN Normal Person Average one person mass = 80 kg = 0.8kN Heavy Person Average one person mass = 100 kg = 1.0kN

[LL]

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Burj Khalifa 171 Storeys (659m High) Tower = 946,000 tonnes = 946,000 Proton Saga’s = 9,460,000 kN = 9,460,000 Heavy Persons Area = 280,000 m2

CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Sears Tower 113 Storeys (454.8m High) Tower = 380,000 tonnes = 380,000 Proton Saga’s = 3,800,000 kN = 3,800,000 Heavy Persons Area = 408,922 m2

CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Taipei 101 94 Storeys (405.8m High) Tower = 365,000 tonnes = 365,000 Proton Saga’s = 3,650,000 kN = 3,650,000 Heavy Persons Area = 187,110 m2

http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=18

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Petronas Twin Tower 93 Storeys (403.8m High) One tower = 330,000 tonnes = 330,000 Proton Saga’s = 3,300,000 kN = 3,300,000 Heavy Persons Area = 213,750 m2

CTBUH, Tall and Super Tall Buildings

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Skyview Penang 43 Storeys (147.3m High) Block A = 114,000 tonnes = 114,000 Proton Saga’s = 1,140,000 kN = 1,140,000 Heavy Persons Area = 66,365 m2

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Ampang Condo 18 Storeys (63.4m High) Block B = 69,000 tonnes = 69,000 Proton Saga’s = 690,000 kN = 690,000 Heavy Persons Area = 51,621 m2

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Ipoh Hospital New Block 10 Storeys (46.1m High) Hospital = 183,000 tonnes = 183,000 Proton Saga’s = 1,830,000 kN = 1,830,000 Heavy Persons Area = 103,717 m2

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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Average Car Pressure (LL) = 2.5 kN/m2

  • Eg. 2000kg / (2.0m x 4.8m)

= 210kg/m2  250kg/m2 = 2.5kN/m2.

[LL]

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Humans in Congregation (LL)= 5.0 kN/m2 This means 5 Heavy Persons in 1 m2 !

[LL]

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Building Functi tion

  • n

Load (kPa)

Classrooms, lecture rooms, tutorial rooms, computer rooms 3.0 Domestic uses & residential activities 2.0 Wards, bedrooms and toilet rooms in hospitals, nursing homes and residential care homes. 2.0 Kitchens 2.0 Floors for offices 3.0 Conference rooms 5.0 Stair Case 4.0 Department stores, supermarkets, markets, shops for display and sale

  • f merchandise.

5.0 Cold storage 5.0 for each meter height

[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[LL]

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[SDL]

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[SDL]

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[SDL]

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[DL]

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[DL]

Worksh kshop What is the Pressure From a 1m x 1m x 0.2m Solid Concrete Slab ?

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[DL+SDL]

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[DL+SDL]

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[DL+SDL]

These figures do not include vertical elements but is the DL+SDL for the floor !!!

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39 Burj Khalifa 171 Storeys (659m High)  Concrete Building Load = 9,460,000 kN Area = 280,000 m2 Pressure = 33.8 kN/m2 Sears Tower 113 Storeys (454.8m High)  Steel Building Load = 3,800,000 kN Area = 408,922 m2 Pressure = 9.3 kN/m2 Taipei 101 94 Storeys (405.8m High) Load = 3,650,000 kN Area = 187,110 m2 Pressure = 19.5 kN/m2 Petronas Twin Tower 93 Storeys (403.8m High) Load = 3,300,000 kN Area = 213,750 m2 Pressure = 15.5 kN/m2 Skyview Penang 43 Storeys (147.3m High) Load = 1,140,000 kN Area = 66,365 m2 Pressure = 17.2 kN/m2 Ampang Condo 18 Storeys (63.4m High) Load = 690,000 kN Area = 51,621 m2 Pressure = 13.3 kN/m2 Ipoh Hospital New Block 10 Storeys (46.1m High) Load = 1,830,000 kN Area = 103,717 m2 Pressure = 17.7 kN/m2

Note All Figures Are Indicative and Not Exact and Should Not Be Relied Upon for Detailed Structural Analysis.

These figures now include vertical elements as well in DL+SDL+LL !!!

[SLS]=[DL+SDL+LL]

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On Eleva vati tion

  • n

Brick Wall Load on Slab = kN/m Depends on Wall Thickness and Height. On Plan Loading on Beam kN/m.

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Uniform Load Concentrated Load

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Worksh kshop How to Obtain UDL on Beam from On Plan Loading and from On Elevation Loading ? On Plan Loading – DL, SDL, LL On Elevation Loading - SDL

[DL+SDL+LL+NHL+WL+EQ]

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Worksh kshop Meth thod

  • d 1

How to Obtain Point Load on Column from On Plan Loading and from On Elevation Loading ? On Plan Loading – DL, SDL, LL On Elevation Loading – SDL Meth thod

  • d 2

How to Obtain Point Load on Column From Beam UDL ?

[DL+SDL+LL+NHL+WL+EQ]

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Slab (kN/m2) Beam (kN/m) Column (kN) Foundation (kN)

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Load start on big area, and end up on small area.

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One Way Slab Two Way Slab

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 One Way Slab: 90% of load transfer to short

direct.

 Two Way Slab: Load transfer in all direction

equally.

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Find Load on Column ? 5 x 3/2 = 7.5 kN/m 7.5kN/m x 7/2 = 26.25 kN 7 m 26.25 kN Find Load on Beam ?

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Definitions

  • 1. Slab – Horizontal flat member supporting loads
  • 2. Beam - Horizontal member supporting slabs
  • 3. Column / Wall – Vertical member supporting

beams and/or slabs

  • 4. Foundations – Vertical member supporting

columns Conc nceptua ual Design

  • 1. Discretization of Physical Model - Mechanism /

Determinate / Indeterminate Structures Loading ng

  • 1. Load – externally applied load
  • mass - kg / tonnes
  • load – kN
  • pressure - kPa
  • 2. Dead load - externally applied v. DL (self-

weight)

  • 3. Superimposed dead load - externally applied v.

SDL

  • 4. Live load - externally applied v. LL
  • 5. NHL load - externally applied h. NHL
  • 6. Wind load - externally applied h. WL
  • 7. EQ load - externally applied h. EQ

Scheme Design

  • 1. RC Two-Way Slab With RC Beams
  • 2. RC One-Way Slab With RC Beams
  • 3. RC Flat Slab
  • 4. PT Flat Slab
  • 5. ST Composite Slab With ST Beams

Analys ysis

  • 1. ULS and SLS loading combinations
  • 2. Structural analysis - mathematics
  • 3. Force – internal distribution of effects
  • bending moment (kNm)
  • axial (kN)
  • shear (kN)
  • torsion (kNm)
  • 4. Deflections – externally displacements

Design

  • 1. ULS Capacity
  • Stress
  • normal (direct) stress
  • shear stress
  • 2. SLS Capacity