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Acoustic particle detection Robert Lahmann HAP Workshop: The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Acoustic particle detection Robert Lahmann HAP Workshop: The Non-Thermal Universe Erlangen, 21-Sept-2016 Outline Introduction: acoustic neutrino detection The first generation of acoustic neutrino test setups Lessons learned

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SLIDE 1

Robert Lahmann HAP Workshop: The Non-Thermal Universe
 Erlangen, 21-Sept-2016

Acoustic particle detection

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Outline

  • Introduction: acoustic neutrino detection
  • The “first generation” of acoustic neutrino test setups
  • Lessons learned and future activities
  • Conclusions

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

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SLIDE 3

3

Neutrino signatures in different media

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

radio lobe sounddisk

  • ptical

light cone

light radio sound Ice Water Salt domes Permafrost

ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü

1016 eV 1017 eV 1018 eV

Ο(100)/km3 Ο(10)/km3 Ο(1000)/km3 sensor density

adapted from: R. Nahnhauer, ARENA Conf. 2010

Advatages of acoustic detection:

  • long attenuation length
  • simple, robust technology
  • multi purpose applications
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SLIDE 4

4

Acoustic signals of neutrino interactions

Hadronic cascade: ~10m length, few cm radius

ν

~1o

Time Pressure [Pa]

Bipolar Pressure Signal (BIP)

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Pressure field: Characteristic “pancake” pattern fmax = O(10kHz)

Thermo-acoustic effect: (Askariyan 1979) energy deposition ð local heating (~µK) ð expansion ð pressure signal

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5

The bipolar pulse

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

= Volume expansion coefficient = specific heat capacity (at constant pressure) = speed of sound (ca. 1500 m/s in water)

c CP α

ν σρ E0 = ε dV

∫

γG = c2α CP

pmax ∝γG E0 σ ρ

2

2pmax

Analytical calculation of a signal in the far field for a Gaussian energy density

(ε : energy density) ~1.12 cold ice ~0.15 Med. ~0.015 Baikal

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6

Attenuation length

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

  • −
  • − −
  • −2

−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

module

C190 C250 C320 C400 B190 B250 B320 B400 A190 A250 A320 A400 D190 D250 D320 D400 D500

[km−1]

weighted mean (3.202 km−1) width of weighted distribution (+/− 0.574 km−1)

shallow deep

10 10

1

10

2

10

3

10

−2

10

−1

10 10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4

Frequency [kHz] Absorption Length [km]

fresh water

NaCl ⇔ Na+ Cl− MgSO4 ⇔ Mg2+ SO4

2−

Mediterranean 2000m 100m ~5km water IceCube site (SPATS) shorter than expected, but no show stopper

λ = 312−47

+68m

(from: T. Karg, ARENA2012)

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SLIDE 7

Acoustic detection test setups

“First generation” acoustic test setups for feasibility studies (background), developing techniques/algorithms Two approaches:

  • Use of existing (military) arrays
  • piggybacking on neutrino telescope infrastructure

Technology: Hydrophones (in water) and glaciophones (in ice) using piezo ceramics Array size: O(10) sensors

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

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Test setups in ice and water

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

ACORNE (M) AMADEUS (ANTARES) KM3NeT-Italia/OnDE Baikal SAUND (M) SPATS (IceCube) green: currently operational (M): military array salt water fresh water ice

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Limits on UHE neutrino flux

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

SPATS SAUND2 ACORNE

  • R. Abbasi et al.,arXiv:astro-ph/1103.1216

SPATS, ARENA 2012

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OnDE ambient noise (ARENA 2008)

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Average noise 2005-2006 Sea State 2 Sea State 0

2 1

1 2 1 2

( , ) ( )

f p f

A f f PSD f df ⎡ ⎤ = ⋅ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦

∫

The average noise in the [20:43] kHz band is 5.4 ± 2.2stat ± 0.3syst mPa astro/ph 0804.2913 Main source: Surface agitation and precipitation

Average noise per file [mPa]

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AMADEUS transient background investigations

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

  • Sources: Very diverse;

Shipping traffic, marine mammals, … ð Mostly originating from near surface

  • Suppression:
  • signal classification
  • Project reconstructed signals to surface,

perform clustering

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Lessons learned and future experiments

Mediterranean (è KM3NeT):

  • Ambient noise low and stable;

reduction of SNR for signal detection crucial

  • Transient background:

High level of (mainly dolphins); Recognition of “acoustic pancake” crucial Lake Baikal (è GVD):

  • Good background conditions, easy deployment, but low signal

amplitude due to low temperature in lake Ice (è IceCube-Gen2 ?):

  • Attenuation length shorter than expected, but no show stopper;

combination optical/radio/acoustic provides unique potential

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

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13

Lake Baikal

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

625м 450м 1360м

Recording acoustic Modules - 8 units

With step 20m

GVD optical modules

1300м 60м

Acoustic detector Integrated in GVD

(from: N.Budnev, ARENA2016)

GVD: Gigaton Volume Detector; Planned for 2020 Main problem for acoustic detection: low temperature

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KM3NeT design

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann 14

piezo sensor integrated into OM

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Potential fiber hydrophone system for KM3NeT

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

  • il filled hose
  • r solid cable
  • Erbium doped fibers with a grating
  • Sensor

Convert pressure pulse to a mechanical deformation of the fiber: strain

  • Interrogator
  • n-shore system

TNO (Dutch organization for applied scientific research) joined KM3NeT to pursue this technique

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Acoustic Sensors for IceCube-Gen2

  • IceCube-Gen2 is a planned extension of IceCube Neutrino Observatory
  • Increased detector volume (~ 10 km3) in the Antarctic ice
  • Increased spacing between detector modules (~ 240 m – 300 m)

→ Optical geometry calibration (accuracy < 1m) is expected to deteriorate

→ Use acoustic signals, due to larger extinction length ( ~ 300m [SPATS]) for geometry calibration

  • Develop acoustic positioning concept for IceCube-Gen2
  • Use sensors for acoustic neutrino detection

Up to now: (master’s thesis S. Wickmann)

  • Modified existing acoustic sensor from the EnEx project
  • Two channels: Channel 1 for positioning, channel 2 for neutrino detection
  • Substantially reduced power consumption
  • Integrated modified sensor into an IceCube DOM
  • Tested the acoustic positioning concept in water

21/09/16 Acoustic Sensors for IceCube-Gen2

16

[SPATS] : R. Abbasi, et al., Astropart. Phys. 34, 382–393 (2011).

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17

Conclusions

  • “First generation” acoustic arrays have been used to investigate

neutrino detection methods and provide input for simulations

  • Extension of investigations possible with KM3NeT, GVD and

IceCube-Gen2

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

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SLIDE 18

Thank you for your attention!

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19

Acoustic signals of neutrino interactions in water I

Thermo-acoustic effect: (Askariyan 1979) energy deposition ð local heating (~µK) ð expansion ð pressure signal

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Solution (analytical/numerical) with assumption of an instantaneous energy deposition

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 t C t p c p

p ∂

∂ − = ∂ ∂ − ∇ ε α

Wave equation for the pressure p for deposition of an energy density ε :

= Volume expansion coefficient = specific heat capacity (at constant pressure) = speed of sound in water (ca. 1500 m/s)

c CP α

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20

Erbium doped fibers as hydrophones for KM3NeT?

ICHEP 2014, Valencia - July 05, 2014 - Robert Lahmann 20

1530 1570 reflection wavelength [nm]

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21

Sound absorption length in water

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

10 10

1

10

2

10

3

10

−2

10

−1

10 10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4

Frequency [kHz] Absorption Length [km]

fresh water

NaCl ⇔ Na+ Cl− MgSO4 ⇔ Mg2+ SO4

2−

Mediterranean 2000m 100m ~5km

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22

Acoustic signals of neutrino interactions in water I

Thermo-acoustic effect: (Askariyan 1979) energy deposition ð local heating (~µK) ð expansion ð pressure signal

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Solution (analytical/numerical) with assumption of an instantaneous energy deposition

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 t C t p c p

p ∂

∂ − = ∂ ∂ − ∇ ε α

Wave equation for the pressure p for deposition of an energy density ε :

= Volume expansion coefficient = specific heat capacity (at constant pressure) = speed of sound in water (ca. 1500 m/s)

c CP α

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23

Acoustic signals of neutrino interactions in water II

  • 0.08
  • 0.06
  • 0.04
  • 0.02

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

  • 0.04
  • 0.02

0.02 0.04 Pressure [Pa] Time [ms]

1011GeV @ 1000m

Hadronic cascade: ~10m length, few cm radius (simulations by ACoRNE Coll.)

ν

~1o

Time [ms] Pressure [Pa]

Bipolar Pressure Signal (BIP)

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Pressure field: Characteristic “pancake” pattern Long attenuation length (~5 km @ 10 kHz)

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Temperature profile

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 −2500 −2000 −1500 −1000 −500 Temperature [C] Depth [m]

(a)

5 10 15 20 25 30 −5000 −4000 −3000 −2000 −1000 Temperature [C] Depth [m]

(b)

Mediterranean Sea

winter summer

Tropical Ocean 24o30’N and 72o30’W

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25

Speed of sound vs. depth

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 −2500 −2000 −1500 −1000 −500 Speed of sound [m/s] Depth [m]

(a)

1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 −5000 −4000 −3000 −2000 −1000 Speed of sound [m/s] Depth [m]

(b)

Mediterranean Sea Tropical Ocean 24o30’N and 72o30’W

winter summer

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Grüneisen parameter

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

−0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 −5000 −4000 −3000 −2000 −1000 Gr ¨ uneisen parameter Depth [m] tropical ocean Lake Baikal AMADEUS site

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AMADEUS ambient noise

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Entries Probalilty σNoise/< σNoise > Frequency of Occurence Cumulative Distribution 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Simulation Measurement <σnoise> is about 10 mPa (10-50 kHz) and 95% of the time below 2<σnoise> Data of 2008-2010

entries

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Cluster analysis of moving sound emitting objects

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

x [m] y [m]

Nov. 2009 Oct. 2010

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Spatial distribution of transient background

Depth z [m] Distance r [m]

  • 2500
  • 2000
  • 1500
  • 1000
  • 500

500 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 1e-08 1e-07 1e-06 1e-05 0.0001 0.001 Event density [m-3]

All clustered events

Depth z [m] Distance r [m]

  • 2500
  • 2000
  • 1500
  • 1000
  • 500

500 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 1e-08 1e-07 1e-06 1e-05 0.0001 0.001 Event density [m-3]

All reconstructed events 0.3 Hz After signal classification and cluster analysis 0.002 Hz

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

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SLIDE 30

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

SAUND and AUTEC

SAUND and AUTEC

SAUND II : 49 hydrophones

  • n

20km x 50km array

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OnDE and KM3NeT-Italia

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

  • Test Site at 2000 m depth, 25 km
  • ffshore Catania
  • Operation of test setup OnDE

(4 hydrophones) from 2005 -2006 H1 H2 H4 H3

connectors Height from seabed : H1, H2, H4: ~ 2.6 m H3: ~ 3.2 m

Housing

Cable from shore hydrophones electronics housing

KM3Net-Italia activities covered by F. Simeone

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The Rona Array (ACoRNE Collaboration)

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Off the Isle of Skye, 8 sensors

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ANTARES site

AMADEUS – ANTARES

HAP Meeting Erlangen - 21-Sept-2016 - Robert Lahmann

Operational 2007-15 36 acoustic sensors on 6 stories Local clusters for direction reconstruction Depth 2300 – 2100 m

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SPATS – IceCube

ICHEP 2014, Valencia - July 05, 2014 - Robert Lahmann 34

  • Ice as detector medium
  • 4 strings with 7 “stages” each
  • A stage consists of a transmitter

module and a receiver module (attenuation length measurements)

  • Taking data since 2006, currently no

further developments planned

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35

Lake Baikal

ICHEP 2014, Valencia - July 05, 2014 - Robert Lahmann 35

  • Planned: 6 tetrahedral antennae

with 4 hydrophones each in >500m depth

  • Currently one antenna installed
  • N. Budnev, ARENA 2014, Annapolis
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SLIDE 36

Acoustic Sensors for IceCube-Gen2

21/09/16 Acoustic Sensors for IceCube-Gen2

36

Position 4

x [m] y [m]

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Δ = 0.0631 m (median)

Performance (x-y-projection)

∆ [m]

  • Evaluation of the acoustic positioning concept in a swimming pool
  • 6 acoustic emitters
  • 1 Acoustic DOM (IceCube DOM with 3 acoustic sensors)
  • Acoustic positioning via trilateration
  • Compare reconstructed positions with reference
  • Reconstructed positions are in good agreement with the reference

positions (even without further corrections)

  • Systematic errors are not yet fully understood
  • Heading of the Acoustic DOM can be estimated
  • Accuracy better than 7cm (x-y-plane) on average

Next steps:

  • Integrate acoustic sensors into Icecube-Gen2 DOM
  • Develop concept for acoustic emitters for IceCube-Gen2
  • S. Wickmann, master’s thesis, RWTH Aachen University 2016
  • S. Wickmann et al., EPJ Web of Conferences, ARENA 2016 (in review)
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SLIDE 37

ICHEP 2014, Valencia - July 05, 2014 - Robert Lahmann

ApPEC Roadmap (Phase I)

37

underground experiments

water/ice Cherenkov telescopes alternative techniques

Motivation for acoustic detection

Advatages of acoustic detection:

  • long attenuation length
  • simple, robust technology
  • multi purpose applications