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ACCREDITATION SCHEME Castle Archdale Spill Response Training - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 06, 2022 107 likes •588 views

INTERNATIONAL SPILL ACCREDITATION SCHEME Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 and 26 September 2019 The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Jack O Sullivan Environmental Management Services

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INTERNATIONAL SPILL ACCREDITATION SCHEME

Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 and 26 September 2019

Jack O’Sullivan Environmental Management Services Ballymanus Castlepollard County Westmeath The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

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2 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 2

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Before any oil spillage reaches the shoreline …

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3 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 3

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Before any oil spillage reaches the shoreline … we must look at the behaviour of oil at sea …

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4 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 4

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Behaviour of oil at sea ….

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5 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 5

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

The behaviour of oil at sea ….

  • 1. Spreading – a rapid process
  • 2. Evaporation – loss of lighter fractions, depends on temperature

and type of oil

  • 3. Dispersion of oil droplets in water as a result of wave action

(energy)

  • 4. Formation of water-in-oil emulsion (mousse)
  • 5. Dissolution – soluble constituents dissolve in water

But the oil still exists in the environment !

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6 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 6

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Behaviour of oil at sea …. slower processes

  • 6. Oxidation (mainly by uv light)
  • 7. Sedimentation, sinking
  • 8. Biodegradation

The oil is slowly being removed from the environment …

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7 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 7

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Behaviour of oil at sea ….

account for 10 –

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8 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 8

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Behaviour of oil at sea ….

marina

time A time B

100% current 3% wind

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9 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 9

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

And when the oil approaches the coast:

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10 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 10

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Factors affecting the impact of oil on the shoreline:

Every oil spill has a different impact on the shoreline, on wildlife and the surrounding environment depending on:

  • the type and quantity of oil spilled,
  • the location of the spill,
  • the proximity of vulnerable areas and resources
  • the species of wildlife in the area at the time when the spill is

taking place,

  • the timing of breeding cycles and seasonal migrations,
  • and the weather at sea during and after the oil spill.
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11 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 11

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

The type and quantity of oil spilled:

  • Light Volatile Oils

Petroleum spirit, aviation fuels, gasoline, kerosene, paraffin, automotive diesel

  • Moderately Heavy Oils

Most crude oils, and intermediate products such as marine diesel, gas oil, light fuel oil, light lubricating oil

  • Heavy Oils

Very waxy crudes, medium to heavy asphaltic crude oils, water-in-

  • il emulsion, heavy lubricating oil
  • Residual Oils

Bunker oil, heavy fuel oil, weathered crude in the form of tarry lumps, asphalt.

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12 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 12

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Persistent

– many crude oils – heavy products including fuel oil – lubricating oils

Non persistent

– kerosene – diesel oil – petrol

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13 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 13

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Impacts caused by:

  • Toxic effects
  • Physical effects
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14 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 14

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

  • Sensitive

environments (e.g., marshes, mud flats)

  • Birds and marine

mammals

  • Tourism and

leisure activities

  • Fishing and

aquaculture

  • Industry and water

intakes

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15 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 15

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

Sensitive Environments

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Birds and marine mammals

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

16 The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

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Tourism and Leisure Activities

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

17 Inch Beach, Co Kerry

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Fishing and aquaculture

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Industry and water intakes

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Braer – Shetland Islands, 1993

  • 84 000 tonnes of light crude oil
  • High level of natural dispersion
  • Relatively little clean-up/response

required

  • Major impact on fisheries and

aquaculture

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Braer, Shetland

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Erika – France, 1999

  • 15 000 tonnes very persistent heavy fuel
  • il
  • Oil stranded over a long distance
  • Difficult to observe from the air
  • Highly viscous emulsion
  • Problems: clean-up, access, disposal
  • Impacts: fisheries, aquaculture, amenities

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Prestige – Spain, 2002

  • Cargo of 77,000 tonnes of heavy fuel
  • il; unknown quantities released
  • 800 km of Spanish beaches affected

plus impact on French coasts

  • Significant oiling of coasts and waste

disposal problems

  • Large impact on fishing
  • Lesser impacts on aquaculture and

tourism industries

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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25 PRESTIGE

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mv Riverdance, on the coast at Blackpool, 2008. The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Key Messages

  • Vast majority of spills are small (<7 t)
  • Catastrophic tanker spills are rare
  • Properties of spilt oil change over time:

this affects response options

  • Oil spills can have a major impact on:

– Sensitive environments – Tourism and leisure activities – Industry, fishing and aquaculture

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Shoreline types

  • A. Sea walls and piers
  • B. Wave exposed rocky and boulder shores
  • C. Exposed cobble shore
  • D. Fine-grained sand beaches
  • E. Coarse-grained sand beaches
  • F. Sheltered mixed shingle shores
  • G. Sheltered rocky and boulder shores
  • H. Mud flats
  • I. Saltmarshes
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IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA

In shallow waters, oil may sink from the surface to the seabed, especially in bad weather Kelp beds and some marine species (fish and mammals) can come into contact with toxic compounds (such as those in light crude and light refined products). Benthic species can also be damaged by sedimentation of hydrocarbon-coated particles. Oil may remain in the sediment for several years, leading to sub- lethal effects, and even to the temporary disappearance of some sea-bed species.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE COASTAL FLORA AND FAUNA

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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THE IMPACT OF OIL SPILL ON SHORELINES Shorelines are particularly exposed to the effects of floating

  • il. Its impact will be most important on rocky, sandy, and

muddy areas, which are uncovered at low tide. Animals and plants living in inter-tidal zones can be narcotized, and then washed away by the waves or killed by the toxic fraction of viscous and weathered oils, or by emulsions.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON ROCKY SHORES Steep exposed rocky shores reflect the swell and keep oil off the shoreline, while the heavy wave action breaks up the oil. The impact of oil on exposed ecosystems is relatively minor, but sheltered rocky shores are much more heavily impacted and are more vulnerable to damage.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON FINE SANDY BEACHES

Fine sandy beaches tend to retain

  • il at the surface. In exposed

zones, oil can be deposited on the higher part of the inter-tidal zone, mixed up with the surface sediments, or get covered by a sand layer that may be eroded subsequently, thus uncovering the layer of buried oil, which may be mobilised again by wave action, leading to further shoreline pollution.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Fine grained sand beaches

Into which most oil does not penetrate far, from which it can be removed and where recovery may occur relatively quickly.

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IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON PEBBLE, GRAVEL AND COARSE SAND BEACHES

Pebble, gravel and coarse sand beaches are much more likely to be heavily contaminated. Oil can penetrate easily into the interstitial spaces.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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WETLANDS: MANGROVES, SALT MARSHES

Vegetated communities, as well as the fauna they shelter, are extremely vulnerable to the effects of oil spills, as a result of their physical characteristics:

  • A network of channels helps the oil to penetrate into

coastal vegetation areas,

  • Due to very low or no wave energy, the natural

biodegradation of oil can be very slow,

  • Organic and anaerobic fine sediments, which

characterise these areas, "catch" oil and retain it for long periods.

  • The oil layer may hinder oxygen absorption by the

pores of aerial breathing roots.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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WETLANDS: MANGROVES, SALT MARSHES, Contd.

In salt marshes, the initial effects of a heavy oil spill are the destruction of both the invertebrates and the aerial portions of marsh plants.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON BIRDS

Marine birds are particularly vulnerable to oil, as they alight on the sea-surface or dive through oil slicks. The time of year when a spill occurs is an important factor in determining seabird

  • mortality. Coastal areas are the habitat of various species as

well as their feeding areas and breeding locations.

The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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40 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 40

The Environmental Impacts of Oil Spill Clean-up

The Torrey Canyon off Land’s End, Cornwall, 1967

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41 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 41

The Environmental Impacts of Oil Spill Clean-up

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42 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 42

The Environmental Impacts of Oil Spill Clean-up

Amoco Cadiz, 1976

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43 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 43

The Environmental Impacts of Oil Spill Clean-up Betelgeuse, Bantry Bay, 1979

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Mitigation measures to reduce environmental damage and mortality of aquatic life

  • Do not use dispersants in estuaries and inshore waters;

dispersants will cause the oil to become more toxic.

  • Remove oil from beaches and shorelines manually if

possible, and do not use heavy machinery on these shores.

  • Do not attempt to remove oil from saltmarshes and

mudflats, as such attempts are likely to cause more damage than the oil itself.

  • Oil may be removed from rocky coasts manually, or by

low pressure flushing with seawater (not freshwater).

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Mitigation measures to reduce environmental damage and mortality of aquatic life, contd.

  • High pressure washing can be used in docks and
  • n harbour walls where minimisation of damage

to aquatic life is not a priority.

  • Rapid containment of a spill will do much to

prevent spreading of slicks and contamination of the shoreline over a wide area.

  • Consider taking no action in situations where the
  • il will be removed quickly by the natural energy
  • f waves and sunlight.

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

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Further Effects of Oil on rocky, boulder or Shingle Shorelines

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

These shorelines become very slippery and dangerous when oil is present; great care is required when moving about, especially when carrying equipment. Safety first at all times !

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Jack O’Sullivan

Environmental Management Services Ballymanus Castlepollard County Westmeath Contact:

044 966 2222 & 086 381 9811 jackosullivan2006@gmail.com

International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019

Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 and 26 September 2019

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