About me Buried Concrete Structure Sammy Wong P.Eng., M.E.Sc. 20 - - PDF document

11/13/2019 1

LS Wong and Associates

Buried Concrete Structure

Design for sustainability and resiliency Nov 13, 2019

2

About me

Sammy Wong P.Eng., M.E.Sc. ❑ 20 + years in Precast Concrete Industry ❑ P.Eng., Designated Consulting Engineer ❑ PCI Certified Level III ❑ PhD Candidate, Western University ❑ Design, manufacture, quality assurance, construction,

inspection …

3

About me

❑ Projects ❏ 407 East Extension Ph 1 & 2 ❏ MTO Bridges and Culverts ❏ Eglinton Crosstown LRT Stations ❑ Research and Development ❏ Fiber reinforced pipe ❏ Lined concrete pipe ❏ Concrete temperature monitoring and control ❏ RCP Joint performance ❑ Industry exposure

CSA A257, CSA S6, CCPPA, OCPA, CPCQA, ACI

Agenda

❑ Buried structure 101 ❑ CSA S6 Section 7 ❑ Precast Concrete ❑ Case Studies ❑ Design for sustainability and resiliency

4 5

What is buried structure?

Any structure that is buried underground that is subject to soil-structure interaction.

Buried Concrete Structure 101

6

1 2 3 4 5 6

11/13/2019 2

“a structure that has one or more conduits and is designed by taking account of the interaction between the conduit wall and engineered soil”

7 CSA S6-14

You can bury any structures …

8

Buried Structure Types

Rigid Flexible

9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage#/media/File:Hd pe_pipe_installation.jpg

Rigid Pipe Stiff

Rigid Pipe

Rigid pipe takes more loads than soil because its relative stiffness is higher.

10 loads Flexible Flexible

Flexible Pipe

Flexible pipe deforms under load so surrounding soil takes more loads than the pipe because its relative stiffness is lower.

11 loads Stiff Stiff Flexible Flexible Pipe Deform under load

Soil Arching

12 Prism load Flexible Pipe Rigid Pipe Surrounding Soil Settles Prism load Reference line Soil settlement line

negative arching Af < 1 positive arching Af > 1

Surrounding soil settles

7 8 9 10 11 12

11/13/2019 3

Earth Pressure Distribution

❑ Flexible Pipe ❑ Rigid Pipe

13

Buried Structure

Rigid Flexible

14

Material strength Soil strength

https://www.waterworld.com/municipal/drinking- water/distribution/article/16190949/choosing-the- right-pipe-material

Buried Concrete Structure Design Fundamentals Geometry Earth Load Live Load Bedding Backfill

15

Geometry

Concrete Pipe

❑ Circular or

elliptical

❑ Standard size up

to 3m and readily available

❑ Standard

installation Box Culvert

❑ Standard size up

to 3m span

❑ Span up to 8m ❑ Larger cross

section area Three-sided structure

❑ Flat top or curve top ❑ Larger span up to

16m

❑ Require footing

16 17 0.3 – 3.0 m Concrete pipe 1.2 – 8.0 m Box culvert 3.6 – 14.4 m Semi-arch 2.4 – 16.0 m 3-sided culvert 3.7 – 25.6 m Full arch

Buried Concrete Structure Earth Load on Pipe

18

❑ Trench ❑ Embankment ❑ Tunnel

13 14 15 16 17 18

11/13/2019 4

❑ Soil settlement causes friction ❑ Earth load, Wd

19

Prism Load

𝑋

= 𝐷𝛿𝐶 + 𝐸 (4 − 𝜌)𝛿

8 𝐷 = 𝑔( 𝐼 𝐶 , 𝐿𝜈′)

Where, load coefficient

Bd Do H

Earth Load on Pipe - Trench

20

Bd H

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 2 3 4 5

𝐼 𝐶

𝐷 = 𝑔( 𝐼 𝐶 , 𝐿𝜈′)

Load Coefficient, Cd

𝛿𝐶

• Earth Load on Pipe

❑ Trench width increase, the frictions from the wall reduces

21

Bd

22

Bd H

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 2 3 4 5

𝐼 𝐶

𝐷 = 𝑔( 𝐼 𝐶 , 𝐿𝜈′)

Load Coefficient, Cd

𝛿

𝐶

• Earth Load on Pipe

❑ Embankment condition ❑ Prism Load, PL ❑ Vertical Arching Factor, VAF = 1.35 – 1.45 ❑ Earth Load, WE

23

𝑄𝑀 =  𝐼 + 𝐸(4 − 𝜌) 8 𝐸 H PL Do H

𝑋

= 𝑄𝑀 × 𝑊𝐵𝐺 PLVAF

Earth Pressure Distribution - Pipe

❑ Heger’s pressure distribution ❑ Based on bedding type

24

Type 4 Installation Type 1 Installation 0.62 1.42 1.35 1.45

19 20 21 22 23 24

11/13/2019 5

Bedding Preparation

25

Lower side fill Bedding compaction Lower haunch compaction Trench Embankment

Springline D0 D0 Min. D0/6 Min.

Bedding Preparation

26

CSA S6-14 Section 7.8

Box Culvert

27

Trench Embankment Bedding compaction Side fill compaction

L0 L0/2 Min. L0/6 Min.

Actual distribution

Earth Pressure Distribution - Box

28

Prism Load = sH Vertical Arching Type B2 = +35% Vertical Arching Type B1 = +20% Horizontal Arching Type B1 = 0.3-0.5 Horizontal Arching Type B2 = 0.25-0.5 Simplified Bearing Pressure We = AfsH

Live Load

❑ Highway truck ❑ Railway ❑ Airplane ❑ Construction

29

Highway (Ontario) Truck

30

25 26 27 28 29 30

11/13/2019 6

Highway (Ontario) Truck CL625-ONT

31

87.5kN 75kN 62.5kN 25kN Per wheel 175kN 150kN 125kN 50kN Per axle 3.6m 1.2m 6.6m 6.6m Total 625kN 87.5kN

Single Wheel Tire Footprint

32 CSA S6-14 cl.6.12.6

0.6m 0.25m Tire Footprint 0.6 x 0.25m2 P = 87.5 kN Distribution through soil (0.6 + 1.75H) x (0.25 + 1.75H) m2 H

Highway (Ontario) Truck CL625-ONT

33

87.5kN 75kN 62.5kN 25kN Per wheel 175kN 150kN 125kN 50kN Per axle 3.6m 1.2m 6.6m 6.6m Total 625kN

Wheel Load Distribution

34

0.7m<H<1.4m Spread a (0.25 + 1.75H) Spread b (2.4+1.75H) Tire Footprint 0.6 x 0.25m2 Tire Footprint 0.6 x 0.25m2

P = 87.5 kN x 2 = 175 kN

Highway (Ontario) Truck CL625-ONT

35

87.5kN 75kN 62.5kN 25kN Per wheel 175kN 150kN 125kN 50kN Per axle 3.6m 1.2m 6.6m 6.6m Total 625kN

Wheel Load Distribution

36

H>1.4m Spread a (1.45 + 1.75H) Spread b (2.4+1.75H) Tire Footprint 0.6 x 0.25m2 Tire Footprint 0.6 x 0.25m2

P = 62.5 kN x 4 = 250 kN

31 32 33 34 35 36

11/13/2019 7

Wheel Load and Axial Influence

37

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 Load (kPa) Depth (m)

WL WL1 WL2 WL3

P=87.5kN P=175kN P=250kN

Combined Wheel and Earth Load

38

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4

Load (kPa) Depth (m)

WL

Other Live Loads

❑ B777, A380

39

Fluid Load

❑ Hydrostatic internal load ❑ Not pressurized ❑ maximum sectional

stresses: exclude fluid load

❑ Bearing pressure: consider

fluid load

40

Ground Water

41

s(H-Hw) Hw H

❑ Earth load and hydrostatic pressure ❑ Submerged soil weight, sw ❑ Hydrostatic pressure, w

sH swHw wHw

Buoyancy

42

Earth Load (No arching) Buoyancy Force for Pipe 𝛿

𝜌(𝐸

2 ) Pipe Weight Friction

❑ Displaced volume ❑ F.S. = ❑ F.S. > 1.2 – 2.0 ❑ Concrete vs Plastic

37 38 39 40 41 42

11/13/2019 8

Buoyancy Can Be a Problem for Flexible Pipe

43

https://ccppa.ca/flotation-of-circular-pipe/

Three-sided culvert

❑ Open bottom culvert ❑ Structure over existing conditions

44

Precast three-sided culvert

❑ Flat top ❑ 2.4m to 16m span ❑ Flexible geometry ❑ Curve top ❑ Thinner slab ❑ 3.66m – 14.4m span ❑ Standard geometry

45

Haunch Footing Rise Span Top Slab Side wall

46 47

Loads on Three-sided Culvert

48

Engineering Fills Natural Earth Creek

H.W.L

Road Surface H

43 44 45 46 47 48

11/13/2019 9

Loads on Three-sided Culvert

49

H.W.L

H

Wheel Loads

• Hor. Earth Pressure

0.35-0.5 Vertical Arching 1.2-1.35

• Vert. Rx
• Hor. Rx

Hydrostatic Pressure Earth Pressure Footing Pin-pin connection

• Vert. Earth

Load

50

Loads on Arch Culvert

51

Engineering Fills Natural Earth Creek

H.W.L

Road Surface H

Loads on Arch Culvert

52

H.W.L

H

Wheel Loads

• Hor. Earth Pressure

Vertical Arching

• Vert. Rx
• Hor. Rx

Hydrostatic Pressure Earth Pressure Footing Pin-pin connection

• Vert. Earth

Load Compression

Loads on Arch Culvert (During Construction)

53

• Hor. Earth Pressure
• Vert. Rx
• Hor. Rx

Pin-pin connection Negative Moment

Takeaways in this section

❑ Buried structure shall be designed to withstand underground condition ❑ Rigid structure generates positive soil arching attracting more earth load ❑ Bedding is important which impact the load taken by the structure ❑ Compaction of the side fills are important

54

49 50 51 52 53 54

11/13/2019 10

CSA S6 Section 7 - 2019

55

CSA S6 CHBDC Section 7 Buried Structures

56

2014

48 pages

2019

64 pages 2006

49 pages

57

2019 2014 Title 7.1 7.1 Scope 7.2 7.2 Definitions 7.3 7.3 Abbreviation and symbols 7.4 7.4 Hydraulic design 7.5 7.5 Design 7.6 7.6 Soil-metal structures 7.7 7.7 Metal box structures 7.8 7.8 Reinforced concrete pipe, boxes, and three-sided buried structures 7.9

• -

Reinforced concrete buried arches

Highlights

❑ Durability and sustainability (7.5) [NEW] ❑ Refined analysis (7.5.5) ❑ Geotechnical considerations are merged from 7.6, 7.7, 7.8 into 7.5.7. ❑ Buried structure in cold region 7.5.10 [NEW] ❑ Three-sided structure (7.8) [NEW] ❑ Arch structure (7.9) [NEW]

58

7.5.1 Sustainability and Durability

❑ Section 2 Durability ► Durability and sustainability

59

7.5.5 Refined methods of analysis for buried structures

❑ Provide guidelines ❑ Modeling requirements ❏ Soil-structure interaction ❏ Boundary condition ❏ Response impacted by the engineered fill envelop ❑ Material properties: structure and soil

60

55 56 57 58 59 60

11/13/2019 11

7.5.6 Minimum Height of Cover

61

7.5.7.3-6 Engineered fill

❑ Zones ❑ Groups ❑ Placement ❑ Compaction

62

A material which is specified to consist of prescribed characteristics, including material constituents, gradation, moisture content, and placement compaction criteria, so that it will exhibit a required engineering behaviours once in place.

7.5.7.4 Engineered Fill - Materials

63

Group Qualifiers Quantifiers I Non-frost susceptible Time-independent behavior GW, SW, GP, GW-GM, GP-GM, SW-SM Max: 75mm <50% passing 0.15mm sieve <10% passing 0.075mm sieve PI < 6% II Time-independent behavior GM, GC, SM, SC, SP, SP-SM <50% passing 0.15mm sieve <20% passing 0.075mm sieve PI < 10% III Compactable embankment materials that is capable of supporting Zone 1 and 2. ML, CL, GC, SC LL<30% PI<12%

7.5.7.4 Engineered Fill - Zone

64

7.5.7.5 Placement and compaction

❑ Placement ❏ Max 250 mm lift ❏ Max difference on each

side = 2 compacted lifts

❏ Max 75mm particle size

within 300mm of the structure

❑ Compaction ❏ Specified in the design ❏ Use equipment that do not

damage the structure

❏ Within dry density specified ❏ Within optimum water content

specified

65

7.5.7.7 Settlement

66

61 62 63 64 65 66

11/13/2019 12

67

7.5.10 Structures in cold regions

68

7.8 Reinforced concrete buried structures

❑ New title: reinforced concrete pipe, boxes and three-sided buried structures

69

Min(600, S/10) 300 min =S/10

7.8 reinforced concrete pipe, boxes and three-sided buried structures

❑ When it is a slab and when it is a three- sided structure?

70

7.9 Reinforced Concrete Buried Arches

71

7.9 Reinforced Concrete Buried Arches

❑ 7.9.2 Loading and Analysis ❑ 7.9.3 Structural design ❑ 7.9.4 Construction

72

67 68 69 70 71 72

11/13/2019 13

Section 7 Tables

73

2019 2014 Title Remark 7.1 7.2 Specific limit state Added ULS for concrete 7.2 7.3 Material resistance factors Minor change 7.4 Soil classifications (Clauses 7.6.2.3, 7.6.5.6.2, Table 7.5, 7.9) Removed, replaced with

• cl. 7.5.7.4

7.3 Minimum height of cover New 7.4 Minimum extent of engineering fill New 7.5 Soil group type in the designed engineered fill zones New 7.7 Settlement limit New 7.7 Minimum transverse distance of backfill in single-conduit soil-metal structures Removed

7.10 7.8 Standards for precast buried concrete structures Minor modification 7.19 7.18 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement Change to the minimum As

Takeaways in this section

❑ Understand the difference between Section 7 & 8 ❑ Guidelines and limits in design buried structures.

74

Precast Concrete

75

Precast vs Cast-in-place (Pros and Cons)

76

Precast Concrete

❑ Accelerated bridge / building construction (ABC) ❑ Variety of product selections ❑ Quality control and assurance

77

Reinforced Concrete Pipe

❑ Product testing includes: ❏ Load test ❏ Hydrostatic test ❑ Mass production using dry cast concrete

78

73 74 75 76 77 78

11/13/2019 14

Three-edge Bearing Test

❑ Pre-1900 ❑ Today

79

Bedding Factors

80

Type 1 Installation Bf = 3.9

𝑄

> 𝑄

• 𝐶

𝐺𝑇

Three Edge Bearing Test Condition Earth Pressure Distribution P3EB Pfield

Other Variation

❑ Tees & wyes ❑ Manhole access ❑ Drop structure ❑ Radius pipe ❑ Pipe bend

81

Box Culvert

❑ OPS Standard Size ❑ 1.8 – 3.0 m span ❑ Dry cast mass production ❑ Wet cast custom size

82

Other Variation

❑ Sloped ❑ Skewed ❑ Bend ❑ Radius

83

Other Precast Product – Large Box Culvert

84

79 80 81 82 83 84

11/13/2019 15

Other Precast Product – 3-sided culvert arch top

85

Underground water storage

86

Utility Chamber

87

Other Precast Product – MT Pipe Shaft

88

Concrete Arch Culvert

89 https://www.bft-international.com/en/artikel/bft_2009- 09_Testing_of_a_novel_flexible_concrete_arch_system_310243.html

Precast Product Challenges

❑ Tolerance ❑ Joint ❑ Lifting and Handling

90

85 86 87 88 89 90

11/13/2019 16

Tolerance

❑ If not managed … ❑ Equipment ❑ Process ❑ Quality control ❑ Test fitting

91

Test Fit

92

Joints

❑ Soil tight ❑ Water proved ❑ Watertight ❑ Pressure rated

93

Inflow and Infiltration

❑ Big problem! ❑ “Infrastructure-mediated flows” ❑ Huge expense in treating storm water and ground water

94

Highway Culvert

❑ Tight or not tight

95

Filter fabric Weep hole Waterproofing Drainage pipe

Joint Performance Consideration

❑ External factors ❑ Joint design ❑ Sealing materials

96

91 92 93 94 95 96

11/13/2019 17

Joint Performance – External Factors

❑ Ground water level -

Design

❑ Shear transfer due to

traffic - Design

❑ Ground movement –

Construction

97

Joint Performance – External Factors

❑ Identify the design requirement ❏ Soil (silt) tight ❏ Waterproof ❏ Watertight ❏ Pressure rated (internal or external or both)

98

Joint Performance – Joint Design

❑ Butt (No) Joint ❑ Plated Butt Joint ❑ Shiplap Joint or Profiled joint ❑ Shear Joint (Grouted or Non-grouted) ❑ Post-tensioning

99

Joint Performance – Joint Design

❑ Avoid joint movement ❑ Maintain annular space in the joint ❑ Minimize joint gap ❑ Area of rubber ~ annular space ❑ Positing of the rubber inside the annular space

100

P 𝜏 = 𝑄 𝐵 Sealing pressure Joint gap Annular space

101

Concrete Pipe Gasket Performance for Infiltration

102

97 98 99 100 101 102

11/13/2019 18

Sealing Materials: Hot applied waterproof membrane

103

Sealing Materials: adhesive waterproof membrane

104

What are the options?

105

Watertight

• Int. Joint

Profile gasket Grout

• Ext. membrane

Adhesive wrap

Pressure Rated

Connecting plate Post tensioned Lined welded joint Grouted joint CIP

Silt tight

• Ext. Wrap

Filter fabric

• Int. Joint

Butyl rubber

Waterproof

• Ext. membrane

Hot roll Adhesive wrap

Lifting and handling

❑ Must be part of the precast design ❑ Handling in the plant ❑ Installation

106

Lifting and handling (Key Success Factors)

❑ Lifting intent ❑ Product shape / weight ❑ Rigging ❑ Device ❑ Equipment

107

Lifting and handling

❑ Use of adequate lifting

equipment and tools

❑ Following the

instruction provided by precast manufacturer

108

103 104 105 106 107 108

11/13/2019 19

Product Rotation in the Air

109

Precast Culvert Flipping on the Ground

110

Takeaways in this section

❑ Benefits of using precast concrete in buried structures ❑ Challenges for designer: ❏ Tolerance requirement ❏ Joint performance ❏ Lifting and handling

111

Case Studies

112

Eglinton Crosstown LRT Mount Dennis Station – Go Beyond The Limit!

113 114

Eglinton Ave.

Go Transit / UP Express Line

LRT Maintenance Facility KODAK Mount Dennis Station Tunnel Location

109 110 111 112 113 114

11/13/2019 20

115

Underground Water Storage

❑ Small Subdiv. in the City of Oakville ❑ 8000m3 storage

116

Underground Water Storage

117

Underground Water Storage

118

Underground Water Storage

119

Underground Water Storage

120

115 116 117 118 119 120

11/13/2019 21

Denison Road Grade Separation

❑ 146m Con Span (Curved Top) Culvert ❑ 9.755m Span x 2.740m Rise

121

Denison Road Grade Separation

❑ Under West CN Corridor ❑ Under Denison Road

122

Denison Road Grade Separation

123

Denison Road Grade Separation

❑ 3350 m3 storage capacity

124

Ottawa West Kanata Trunk Sewer Installation

❑ 1200mm 140D Lined Pipe ❑ 2.0 km ❑ DEC 4-5 m ❑ High water table 1m below ground ❑ Situated in bedrock and clay

125

Large Diameter RCP Failures due to inadequate bedding materials

❑ 2100 mm x 140D RCP subjected to severe damage ❑ 7.5 m earth cover ❑ Trench installation ❑ Use of high-performance bedding ❑ Require replacement

126

121 122 123 124 125 126

11/13/2019 22

Severe Damage

❑ Diagonal crack ❑ Radial tension crack

127

High Performance Bedding

❑ Pea size (6mm) uniformly graded clear stone ❑ 85% compaction ❑ Required 95%

128

Compaction is key

129

Overloading the Pipe

130

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6 6.6 7.2 Load (N/m/mm) Depth (m) Class B Class C Bf = 1.9 Bf = 1.5

Damage due to Construction Load

❑ 2100 mm X 65D RCP ❑ Buried along the highway 407 for expanding the driving lanes ❑ Earth cover +/- 3m ❑ Pipe damage was reported few weeks after backfill

131 132

Case Study 1 – 2400 mm RCP

+/- 3m DEC T/G Hwy CL T/G over pipe

127 128 129 130 131 132

11/13/2019 23

Damage inside the pipe

❑ Delamination, shear diagonal cracks.

133 134 135 136

Damage due to Construction Load

137

+/-3m +/-4.2m Construction material storage Construction vehicle and equipment

• Ex. Grade at the

time of construction

Hwy CL

Proposed grade Trench

Pipe designed as 65D

5.5-6m

Pipe that Grows in Length

❑ 1200 mm X 100RCP ❑ Pipe joint damage ❑ Pipe gap > 150 mm ❑ Cracks and gaps keep growing over 6 months

138

133 134 135 136 137 138

11/13/2019 24

Pipe Damage

139

>100mm

Pipe Damage

140

Pipe that Grows in Length

141

Engineered Fill

• Prop. Grade

STM Outfall

• CTRL. FLOW MH
• Max. Cover 8.7m

DICB

142

Pipe that Grows in Length

❑ 30 m long finally has grown 200 mm ❑ Pipe was structurally repaired ❑ Damage caused by soil settlement

Takeaways in this section

❑ Great applications using precast concrete in underground construction. ❑ Buried structure rely on the installation quality i.e. engineered soil. ❑ Engineer shall exercise duty of care when selecting materials and construction methods for its application.

143

Sustainability And Resiliency

144

139 140 141 142 143 144

11/13/2019 25

145

Strength

• Material properties
• Structural behaviour
• e.g. Yield strength or

ultimate strength

Durability

• Performance over

design life

• Time depend

behavior

• e.g. corrosion,

relaxation, creep, deterioration

Sustainability

• Resource

renewability and availability

• e.g. life cycle cost,

carbon footprints, green house gas emission

Resiliency

• Risk management

cause by climate change

• e.g. intensity of

climate change event and frequency

Sustainability Concerns

❑ “… meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ..” ❏ Materials ❏ Application ❏ Construction

146

New Technologies and Development

147

https://www.dw.com/en/carbon-intensive-cement-industry-feeling-the-heat/a-50546807

Limestone Cement

❑ The use of Portland Limestone Cement in manufacturing concrete decreases CO2 emissions by 10% ❑ Limestone replace 15% of clinker ❑ Locally quarried, reduce transportation ❑ CSA A23.1, A3000 ❑ Type GUL, MHL, HEL, etc.

148 149 150

145 146 147 148 149 150

11/13/2019 26

Construction

❑ Use of native materials ❑ Show the installation of rigid and flexible pipe

151 151

Flexible Rigid

Engineered fill

Recyclable Construction Materials

❑ Almost 100% recyclable ❏ aggregate ❏ steel

152

https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2011/110421OlekConcret e.html

Environmental Product Declaration

❑ Materials ❑ Supply, Manufacturing, Transportation ❑ Construction ❑ Life cycle assessment ❏ Resource use ❏ Waste generated

153

Characteristics of Buried Structures

❑ You don’t see them after construction ❑ … until disaster hits ❑ Huge social impact for emergency repairs

154 155

https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/article236213913.html

156

https://ccppa.ca/manitoba-addressing-deteriorated-steel-culvert-problem-2/

151 152 153 154 155 156

11/13/2019 27

157 158 159 160 161

http://ocpa.com/journals/CPJ_Spring_2015.pdf

162

http://ocpa.com/journals/CPJ_Spring_2015.pdf

157 158 159 160 161 162

11/13/2019 28

Buried Structure in Earthquake

163 164

https://www.concreteconstruction.net/producers/precast-concrete-pipe- the-key-to-preventing-hurricane-sandy-level-damage_o

Design for Resiliency (Risk Management)

❑ Additional consideration ❏ Risk of over capacity ❏ 100-yr storm -> 10-yr storm ❏ Fire hazards ❑ Selection of Materials and Methods ❏ Concrete, Steel, Polymer ❏ 100-year design life? high performance? ❏ Full understanding of engineering properties ❑ Effective Execution and Quality Control ❏ Specification and certification ❏ Contract administration ❏ Inspection Program

165

Is our infrastructure resilient enough?

166

The weather network

Takeaways in this section

❑ Civil engineers face tremendous challenges caused by climate change. ❑ Design code is not enough to provide key guidance in designing resilient structure yet. ❑ Engineers need to use their due diligence to interpret the materials and methods for their designs.

167

Summary And Conclusion

168

163 164 165 166 167 168

11/13/2019 29

Summary

❑ Buried structure – soil and structure interaction ❑ CSA S6-2019 Section 7 ❑ Precast Concrete Applications ❑ Case Studies: Success and Failure ❑ Sustainability and Resiliency – Engineer’s role in selecting materials and methods

169

Conclusion

❑ Buried structure – important infrastructure ❑ Adequate design of buried structure is not

enough for today’s need.

❑ Engineers need to carefully select the material

for durability, sustainability and resiliency.

170

Thanks! Any Question, you can find me at

www.wongengineering.ca 519-223-2204 info@wongengineering.ca

169 170 171

Thanks! Any Question, you can find me at

www.wongengineering.ca 519-223-2204 info@wongengineering.ca