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A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors --- A Glimpse of Topological Phases of Matter Jyong-Hao Chen Condensed Matter Theory, PSI & Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETHZ Dec. 09, 2015 @ Superconductivity


  1. A Short Introduction to Topological Superconductors --- A Glimpse of Topological Phases of Matter � Jyong-Hao Chen � ��� � Condensed Matter Theory, PSI & Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETHZ Dec. 09, 2015 @ Superconductivity Course, ETH 1 1 jyong-hao.chen@psi.ch

  2. I.#Introduc+on# 2 2

  3. 1980: Integer quantum Hall effect n=1 � n=2 � 2DEG � n=3 � n=4 � • Quan%zed)Hall)resistance) ) ) Nobel Prize � 1985: von Klitzing �

  4. Quantum Hall Effect: chiral gapless edge states Halperin, 1982 Chiral)edge)state)) Gapless)excita%ons)at)the)edges)) (skipping)orbit)picture))) Energy)spectrum) (for)one)edge)) ! Robust' chiral)gapless)edge)states)against)disorder) ))))))(no)back)sca<ering)))

  5. 1982: Rise of Topology • Quan%zed)Hall)conductance))))))))))))))))))))))has)a)topological)origin)) ) • Topological)proper%es)–)insensi%ve)to)small)changes)of)parameters)of)the) manifold)(here,)band)structure)) • Integral)of)curvature)depends)only)on)topology,)insensi%ve)to)small) deforma%on)of)the)manifold))) " ))topological)invariant) Thouless, Kohmoto, Nightingale, and den Nijs, 1982 • TKNN)invariant)=)the)first)Chern)number)=)integer) 2 d k � ∫ µ ν = ε n F ( k ) µ ν π 2 ( 2 ) Berry)curvature � Berry)connec%on � Universal)manifesta%on:)gapless)excita%on)at)interface)) • ))))))between)topologically)dis%nct)regions) �

  6. General characterization for topological phases of matter • Bulk)excita%on)is)gapped,)possess)a)bulk)topological)invariant) • Protected)gapless)excita%ons)at)the)boundary � Bulk-boundary correspondence � trivial insulator v.s. quantum Hall � Robust)chiral)edge)state,) as)long)as)band)topology) does)not)change) # Can we have more examples of topological phases of matter? ! Presence)of)%meOreversal)symmetry)gives)rise)to)new)topological)phases) Kane-Mele, PRL 05

  7. 2005: Quantum Spin Hall Effect/Z 2 topological insulator • QSH)=)two)copies)of)QH)states,)one)for) B each)spin)component,)each)seeing)the) eff opposite)magne%c)field.)) • Time)reversal)symmetric,)and)can)exist) without)any)external)magne%c)field.) B • Effec%ve)magne%c)field:)SpinOorbital) eff coupling) ! ! σ ( ! H so = λ so p × E ) Bernevig and Zhang, 2006 Energy)spectrum) helical)edge)states � (for)one)edge))

  8. Experimental observation of HgTe TI • Theoretically predicted in 2006 Bernevig, Hughes, and Zhang, Science, 2006 • Experimentally found in Nov. 2007 Konig et al., Science, 2007 – Measure conductance while tuning E F through the bulk energy gap – edge state conductance 2e 2 /h observed independent of W and L # Nobel Prize in 20XX?

  9. New topological phases of matter quantum)Hall)insulator,)) chiral)superconductor,) quantum)spin)Hall)insulator) helical)superconductor) Chiral)gapless)Majorana)fermions) Chiral)gapless)Dirac)fermions) Helical)gapless)Majorana)fermions) Helical)gapless)Dirac)fermions) Majorana)fermion:) ! Quasipar%cle)excita%ons)in)superconductors)posses)all) par%cle)=)an%par%cle) the)key)a<ributes)of)Majorana)fermions)

  10. II. TSC 10 10

  11. BCS, BdG, and particle-hole symmetry • BCS)mean)field)theory:) • BuiltOin)an%Ounitary)par%cleOhole)symmetry) • Bogoliubov)quasipar%cle) * = v k ) ( u − k Majorana)condi%on � Majorana)fermion:) par%cle)=)an%par%cle � � Zero energy solution E = 0: Majonana)zero)mode)

  12. Majorana zero mode at a vortex Volovik 1999; in)P x +iP y )superconductor � N. Read, D. Green, 2000 Ivanov, 2001 Majorana)zero)modes)obey)nonOAbelian)sta%s%cs:)nonOAbelian)anyons) • # Applica%on)to)quantum)computa%on:)topological)quantum)computa%on �

  13. Potential material candidate for Majorana zero modes The)only)currently)realized)bulk)(P+iP))superconductors)are) • ))))O)superfluid) 3 HeOA ) ))))O)unconven%onal)superconductors:)Sr 2 RuO 4 )) # Do)Majoranas)occur)elsewhere?)

  14. Superconducting proximity effect Fu & Kane, PRL, 08 • Nontrivial)ground)state)supports)Majorana)) ))))zero)mode)at)vor%ces)) �

  15. More examples: mimic 1D Majorana edge states on TI 1D)chiral)Majorana)edge)states)at)superconductorOmagnet)interfaces) • 1D)helical)Majorana)edge)states)at)SCOTIOSC)Josephson)junc%on) •

  16. III. Classification 16 16

  17. Altland-Zirnbauer’s ten-fold way 10'='3x3'+1 � • Quadra%c)Hamiltonian) A. Altland and M. R. Zirnbauer, 1997 • Symmetries) Kitaev, 2008; Schnyder, Ryu, Furusaki, Ludwig, 2008 Bott Periodicity d → d+8

  18. Interaction effect • For)example,)in)some)case,)breakdown)of)the)topological)classifica%on) Z ))) T. Morimoto, A. Furusaki, C. Mudry, 2015

  19. Learn more? ! Review articles � D.)Xiao,)M.C.)Chang,)and)Qian)Niu,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.) 82 ,)1959,)(2010)) Berry phase � ) � M.Z.)Hasan)and)C.L.)Kane,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.) 82 ,)3045)(2010)) TI � � X.L.)Qi)and)S.C.)Zhang,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.) 83 ,)1057)(2011)) ) � J.)Alicea,)Rep.)Prog.)Phys.) 75 ,)076501)(2012)) TSC � � S.R.)Ellio<)and)M.)Franz,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.) 87 ,)137)(2015))) � C.K.J.)Beenakker,)Rev.)Mod.)Phys.) 87 ,)1037)(2015)) � C.OK.)Chiu,)J.C.Y.)Teo,)A.P.)Schnyder,)S.)Ryu,)arXiv:1505.03535) Classification � ) � The)Net)Advance)of)MIT)))h<p://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/)

  20. ! Youtube � Charles)Kane,)SouOCheng)Zhang,)A.J.)Legge<,)…)) ) � Prospects)in)Theore%cal)Physics)2015OPrinceton)Summer)School)on)Condensed)Ma<er) Physics)) h<ps://pitp.ias.edu/2015/) (Charles)Kane,)Edward)Wi<en,)XiaoOGang)Wen…))

  21. ! Books

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