"3G and Beyond: The Convergence of Mobile Telephony and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

3g and beyond the convergence of mobile telephony and
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"3G and Beyond: The Convergence of Mobile Telephony and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

"3G and Beyond: The Convergence of Mobile Telephony and Computing" SFM-05: Moby University of Urbino Bertinoro, 28 April 2005 Matteo Magotti Vodafone Italy Technology Evolution Data Transmission Technology Roadmap Max Trx Speed


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SLIDE 1

"3G and Beyond: The Convergence of Mobile Telephony and Computing"

SFM-05: Moby University of Urbino Bertinoro, 28 April 2005 Matteo Magotti Vodafone Italy

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 2

Max Trx Speed 115 Kb/s 9.6 Kb/s 2,000 Kb/s 384 Kb/s

GSM GSM GSM

1999

UMTS UMTS UMTS

2003 2002

HSCSD HSCSD HSCSD

2000

WAP

2001

Enhanced Internet access Telematic services Fast Internet Heavy multimedia Videotelephony

GPRS GPRS GPRS EDGE EDGE EDGE

Technology Evolution

Data Transmission Technology Roadmap

2004

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 3

  • Efficient data traffic management
  • Higher transmission speed

Real possibility Real possibility

  • f new data
  • f new data

service offer service offer

GPRS as Real “Data Wave” Enabler

Full usage Full usage support for support for data/info data/info services services

  • Continuous network connection

Pricing well Pricing well fitted with new fitted with new data services data services

  • Volume and content-based billing

(alongside time-based)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 4

Data applications best adapted to the GPRS

Implications Implications Implications

  • A typical web page contains 30 “data objects”

which will be downloaded successively, with a few seconds delay for each object (in addition to the actual download time)

  • GPRS is therefore well adapted for

applications requiring few transfer sessions of rather large objects -e.g. email download

  • For transactional applications, observed

performance might actually appear weaker than with CSD

  • A typical web page contains 30 “data objects”

which will be downloaded successively, with a few seconds delay for each object (in addition to the actual download time)

  • GPRS is therefore well adapted for

applications requiring few transfer sessions of rather large objects -e.g. email download

  • For transactional applications, observed

performance might actually appear weaker than with CSD

GPRS Constraints GPRS Constraints GPRS Constraints

  • Every time a “data object” is downloaded to a

GPRS handset, the handset and the network

  • pen a transfer session and allocate radio

resources

  • Opening this transfer session takes some

time, from half a second to a few seconds depending on the network configuration and the load on the network

  • Therefore, highly transactional applications

where many objects of small size are transferred create a few seconds of delay for each object transferred

  • Every time a “data object” is downloaded to a

GPRS handset, the handset and the network

  • pen a transfer session and allocate radio

resources

  • Opening this transfer session takes some

time, from half a second to a few seconds depending on the network configuration and the load on the network

  • Therefore, highly transactional applications

where many objects of small size are transferred create a few seconds of delay for each object transferred

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 5

Why UMTS ?

  • Increased efficiency in the use of

spectrum, bringing more capacity

Long term Long term cost saving cost saving New revenues New revenues from new from new services services

  • More flexibility in offering

current and new services

Customer Customer satisfaction and satisfaction and loyalty loyalty

  • Improved quality in service offer
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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 6

Service Transmission Times: New business opportunities

Service Data Volume 2nd Generation GSM - GPRS Fixed PSTN / ISDN < 64 kbps 3rd Generation UMTS Web page 20 kbyte Document 100 kbyte 3 min Audio CD 2 Mbyte MP3 10s Videoclip 600 kbyte MPEG4

1) Optimal CD Quality

Streaming = 128 kbps

2) Videostreaming

9,6 kbps 50 kbps 128 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps E-mail 5 kbyte SMS with photogr. 5 kbyte (JPEG 2000) 8 s 1,7 s 8 s 1,7 s 20 s 4,5 s 2 min 35 s 40 min 9 min 10 min 2,5 min 1,6 s 1,6 s 4 s 25 s 6,5 min 1,5 min 1,2 s 0,5 s <0,5s 1,2 s 0,5 s <0,5s 2,4 s 0,8 s <0,5s 12 s 4 s <1s 3 min

  • --1)
  • --1)

45 s 15 s2) Transfer Time User acceptance

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 7

Mobile Networks Basic concepts

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 8

The requirements for a wireless network

What do we need to build a wireless network ?

ETACS GSM UMTS

Mobility User equipments Coverage Enhanced quality

  • f service

Quality of service New services Security Capacity Cost

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 9

Radio channel access policy

  • Since different users have to share the same band, it is necessary to

define an access policy with the aim of maximizing the number of served users and minimizing the bandwidth and power usage

  • An access policy has to be chosen and optimized according to the

required system performance and to the operating scenarios of the provided service

  • The main access policies are:

– FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) – TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) – CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Tx1 radio channel Tx2 Tx3 Txk Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rxh

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 10

TDMA

  • In TDMA systems the available radio resource is temporally divided

in time slots, during which only one user at a time is allowed to access the channel

  • Time slots are periodically assigned to users, that cannot have a

continuous access to the channel, but have to perform a buffer-and- burst policy

time frequency user A user B user C service bandwidth time slots

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 11

FDMA

  • In FDMA systems the available radio resource is divided in sub-

bands that are assigned one per user for the whole duration of the user connection

  • This technology requires narrowband modulation methods and

selective receive filters

time frequency user A user B user C service bandwidth single user channel

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 12

CDMA

  • In CDMA systems the whole available radio resource (both in the

frequency and in the time domain) is shared by any user at the same time

  • The single user channel is identified by a code that is univocally

assigned to the connected users

frequency time code user A user B user C

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 13

Duplexing

  • Telecommunications systems usually require data exchange both

from mobile terminal to base station (uplink or reverse link) and from base station to mobile terminal (downlink or forward link)

  • Duplexing is the capability of a system to perform this operation for

both links together

  • The main techniques for duplexing are:

– FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) uplink and downlink data exchange are performed in two different frequency bands – TDD (Time Division Duplexing) uplink and downlink data exchange are performed in the same frequency band, but in different time slots

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 14

Cellular systems

  • Since a radio signal propagates into the space with an attenuation

increasing with distance, the coverage area of a base station is spatially limited

  • Hence to provide a telecommunication service on wide areas, it is

necessary to have different base stations (cells), that make a cellular system

Power Dist Good quality area Bad quality area

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 15

Standards: UMTS as our 3G choice

  • The target of a single 3G standard has vanished mainly

for geopolitical reasons

  • UMTS has been specified by 3GPP, the regulatory forum which

includes many national/continental regulators

– FDD radio access network (W-CDMA: UMTS) and TDD radio access network (TD-CDMA) – Core network evolved from GSMGPRS system

  • Manifacturers, operators, scientific communities, regulation boards

contributes to 3GPP

3GPP founder members

Countries with UMTS Licensed Spectrum at 2.1 GHz

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 16

W-CDMA multiple access

  • This approach does not attempt to allocate disjoint frequency or time resources

to each user

  • The power transmitted by each user must be controlled to the minimum required

to maintain a given signal-to-interference ratio for the required level of performance (Power Control procedure)

The ONU party:

All the participants share the same resources (they speak at the same time), but, if the volume of everyone’s conversation is controlled … … it is possible to communicate with one of them, simply knowing his language (the channel key), that is different for any participant

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 17

CDMA key paradigms

Channel separation is achived by means of orthogonal codes Each carrier frequency can be shared by all the users ⇒ frequency reuse factor = 1

Soft degradation Users are interfered also by other users in their own cell and by users

  • f adjacent cells

Transmitted power is strictly controlled to cause minimum amount of interference

GSM: reuse factor>1 UMTS: reuse factor=1

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 18

Soft handover

Active set = 2

W-CDMA system: all cells work on the same carrier frequency ⇒ the mobile terminal can be connected to more than one cell at the same time Consequences:

SOFT HANDOVER: minimize the risk of call dropping when mobile users change cell MACRODIVERSITY: Better quality and reliability

Active set: set of cells to witch a terminal is connected at the same time Active set: set of cells to witch a terminal is connected at the same time

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 19

Soft vs hard handover

BTS 1 BTS 2 BTS 1 BTS 2

Hard Handover

Make before break: the mobile is connected to two

  • r more base stations

Soft Handover

Break!!!

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 20

Frequency allocation

Europe:

– FDD: 1920-1980 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz – TDD: 1900-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz Spectrum assignement in Italy

15+15 MHz FDD, 5 MHz TDD: H3G 10+10 MHz FDD, 5 MHz TDD: Vodafone, Tim, Wind

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 21

Accesso radio

128 384 2

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 22

Funzionalità del livello fisico

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 23

Canali fisici WCDMA

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 24

Canali fisici in downlink (1)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 25

Canali fisici in downlink (2)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 26

Canali fisici in uplink

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 27

Tipi di codice per WCDMA

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 28

WCDMA downlink (FDD)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 29

Canali logici in downlink

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 30

Canali di trasporto in downlink

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 31

WCDMA uplink (FDD)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 32

Canali di trasporto in uplink

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 33

Classi di QoS (1)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 34

Classi di QoS (2)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 35

UMTS Network architecture (I)

Radio resources management and control Radio resources management and control Mobile terminal Mobile terminal W-CDMA base station W-CDMA base station Switch to wired network for circuit switched services Switch to wired network for circuit switched services Switch to data networks for packet switched services Switch to data networks for packet switched services

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 36

Servizi ed applicazioni: categorie

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UMTS System Evolution

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 38

Rel-99 Network Architecture

Network Subsystem (GSM +3G)

IN SCP

GGSN 2GSGSN GPRS + 3G GSM mobile 3G mobile GSM / 3G mobile Co-sited GSM + 3G Base Station Subsystem

GSM BTS 3G (WCDMA) Node B PSTN/ISDN

Internet (TCP/IP) BSC BSC MSC MSC HLR HLR

MGW Rel 99 MGW Rel 99

RNC RNC

3G MSC

3GSGSN

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 39

Rel-4 Network Architecture

IN SCP

GSM mobile 3G mobile GSM / 3G mobile Co-sited GSM + 3G Base Station Subsystem

GSM BTS 3G (WCDMA) Node B

BSC BSC MSC Server MSC Server HLR HLR

MGW MGW

RNC RNC GGSN 2GSGSN GPRS + 3G Internet (TCP/IP) 3GSGSN MSC Server MSC Server

MGW MGW MGW MGW

PSTN/ISDN

User Plane Control Plane

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 40

Rel-5 Network Architecture

GSM mobile 3G mobile GSM / 3G mobile Co-sited GSM + 3G Base Station Subsystem

GSM BTS 3G (WCDMA) Node B

BSC BSC RNC RNC GGSN 2GSGSN GPRS + 3G Internet (TCP/IP) 3GSGSN MSC Server MSC Server MSC Server MSC Server

MGW MGW MGW MGW

PSTN/ISDN

MGW MGW

P-CSCF I-CSCF MRF MGCF

IMS IMS

S-CSCF SIP Application Servers SIP Application Servers HSS

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All-IP e IP Multimedia Systems

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Integrazione dei servizi (SIP)

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UMTS Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 44

IMS Features

Real time person-to-person communications on PD Convergence of all media communications

  • n to the packet network

Service Integration Service control by introducing service signalling

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 45

IMS Benefits

  • Rapid Service Development and Deployment

– Light weight and relatively open tool and APIs for service creation – Smaller creation effort and time – Reduced integration effort thanks to the horizontal layer on which services are built – Possibility for the Operator to tap into the large service creation resources available in the Internet space

  • Economies of scale

– The access to the large Internet service development community will allow more cost efficient development of services – Cost of the network infrastructure: cost of IP equipment (such as routers, servers, etc) are considerably lower than their counterparts based on ATM or TDM technologies – Cost of operating the network: once all traffic has converged on to IP, the cost

  • f running a network is considerably lower as only a single technology needs

to be managed against the situation today where a typical mobile network supports a multitude of transport technologies (such as ATM, FR, TDM, IP).

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UTRAN Evolution

  • Air Interface -
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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 47

Historical Perspective: SMG2 Group (1997 – 1998) UMTS Timeline:

  • Initial GSM deployment phase: 1989 – 1993
  • A-TDMA, CODIT and FRAMES projects from 1997 – 1999
  • SMG2 Concept Groups. 1997 – 1998: led to UMTS FDD and

TDD

UMTS FDD: W-CDMA UMTS TDD: TDMA-CDMA

Data – transmission

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 48

3GPP UMTS after Release 99

  • Higher data rates to support packet

services

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 49

What is next? – Potential requirements

  • Improvement of spectral efficieny
  • High data rates in wide areas
  • High data rates in high speed areas

(Orthogonal Frequency Devision Multiplexing) (Former UMTS candidate technology of the SMG2 Beta Group) Already used in various wireless technologies

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 50

Wireless Technology evolution

Fixed Walk Vehicle

Mobility

Indoor Pedestrian High Speed Vehicular Rural Personal Area Vehicular Urban Fixed urban

User data

rate 10 Mbps 0.1 IEEE 802.16d 1 100

HSDPA

IEEE 802.16e

Nomadic WLAN (IEEE 802.11x)

GSM GPRS

DECT

BlueTooth

3G/UMTS EDGE LMDS (SkyWeb) Flash OFDM

OFDM Data rate

  • DVB
  • DAB
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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 51

Nuovi sistemi radiomobili

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 56

WLAN Public Application Domain

Source: BAH analysis

Low DEGREE OF MOBILITY REQUIRED BANDWIDTH PER USER PER EVENT Low High

  • Traffic information

High

  • Electronic wallet
  • Video

technology

  • Games on demand
  • Video on demand
  • Music on demand
  • Purchasing/shopping
  • Stock quotes
  • Directory listings
  • Telemetry
  • Mobile Office
  • Job dispatch
  • Tourist information
  • Mobile chat
  • Event booking
  • Banking
  • Lotteries/Gambling
  • Travel/Ticket bookings
  • General news
  • Unified messaging
  • Fleet Management
  • Field Force automation
  • Auction
  • E-mail with attachment
  • Video conferencing

WLAN advantaged applications

Public domain: WLAN will compete where mobility is less relevant than bandwidth

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 57

WLAN AND 3G: A COMPARISON

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 58

WMAN - Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

(based on WiMax technology)

  • It represents the new evolution of WLAN
  • It is based on a new standard technology,

WiMax WiMax (802.16), complementing WiFi (802.11) technology by creating complete MAN complete MAN-

  • LAN

LAN solution solution

– – WiFi WiFi is optimized for license is optimized for license-

  • exempt LAN

exempt LAN

  • peration
  • peration

– – WiMax WiMax is optimized for license is optimized for license-

  • exempt and

exempt and licensed licensed MAN operation MAN operation

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 59

WiMax vs WiFi

  • Designed for subscriber density

Scalability

  • Channel bandwidths can be chosen by
  • perator (e.g. for sectorization)
  • 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz width channels.
  • Designed to support thousands of

users.

  • Wide (20MHz) frequency channels
  • Designed to support 10’s of users

WiMax WiFi

  • Optimized for up to 50 Km
  • Designed to handle many users spread
  • ut over kilometers
  • Designed to tolerate greater

multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0µ second

  • Optimized for ~100 meters
  • No “near-far” compensation
  • Designed to handle indoor multi-

path (delay spread of 0.8µ seconds)

  • Designed for distance

Range

  • Channel bandwioth: 10-20MHz; 1.75,

3.5, 7, 14 MHz; 3.6 MHz

  • Max Data rate: 75 Mbps
  • Channel bandwioth: 20MHz
  • Max Data Rate: 54 Mbps
  • Designed for metropolitan

performance speed

  • Optimized for outdoor performance
  • Standard support mesh network

topology

  • Optimized for indoor performance
  • No mesh topology support within

ratified standards

  • Designed for market coverage
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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 60

WiMax Application

Source: WiMax Forum 2004

BACKHAUL

1

RESIDENTIAL & SoHo DSL

3 2 4

ALWAYS BEST CONNECTED

802.16 802.11 802.11 Multi-Point BACKHAUL 802.11 FRACTIONAL T1 for SMALL BUSINESS T1+ LEVEL SERVICE ENTERPRISE BACKHAUL for HOTSPOTS

  • WiMAX is

designed to support a wide variety of broadband applications -> best effort residential to high capacity backhaul

  • WiMAX is

designed to support a wide variety of broadband applications -> best effort residential to high capacity backhaul

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Handsets

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 62

3G terminals

Large high contrast, high resolution colour display

GBytes of mobile memory provides immediate access to all your favourite music tracks, games and data Always-on high speed data connection to mobile and fixed network services Optimal access technology choice

  • ver 2.5G/3G and

WLAN wherever you are Your choice of programs and services, from simple and easy (Java) to graphical and feature rich (native OS based) New form factors and service concepts to match with your personal lifestyle Camera for see what I see Gaming and content sharing with your community and devices at short range Connection protocols and presentation languages (xHTML, WML, …) Voice, video, messaging and browsing during the same rich call with Session Initiation Protocol

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Handset Categories (1)

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Handset Categories (2)

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WAP and mobile protocols

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WAP and browsing evolution strategy

Terminal side Server side

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 67

WEB

WAP GATEWAY 1.2.1

Operator WAP Portal

APN WAP APN WEB APN WEB

PC suite

  • Two main types of access: web access

via PC suite and WAP access via device browser

  • WAP browser configuration mandatory to

access the WAP sites (WAP gateway interaction is mandatory)

  • Very limited devices that directly access

the Internet, with rendering issues

Rendering Issue APN WEB APN WAP NOT possible Browser HTML, XHTML Dual Browser Phones (WML and HTML) NOT POSSIBLE via WEB, OR via WAP from some Operators Content Adaptation Identification Push Proxy

WAP and mobile WEB access

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 68

WAP 1.x

WAP 2.0

  • WAP 2.0 specified in WAP forum standardization environments: future (not avoidable)

standard

  • Two different aspects need to be considered: content language support and protocol

support

  • Content language support: WAP 2.0 browser must support and manage pages

written in xHTML (∼WEB pages) and WML (WAP pages)

  • Protocol support: WAP 2.0 browser could implement:
  • TCP/IP stack (single stack phones)
  • TCP/IP and WAP stacks (dual stack phones)
  • WAP stack (for instance GD87 supports xHTML but only WAP stack)

WML browser WML pages WML pages or HTML pages xHTML and WML browser

Evolution in protocol stacks and browsers

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 69

xHTML advantages

  • Greater Graphic capabilities (browser evolution from WML to xHTML)
  • Easier rendering among different phones

TCP/IP advantages

  • Wireless TCP stack enables faster (20% - 30% advantage of large

contents*, no advantage < 6Kbyte) connections

  • Greater Graphic capabilities (browser evolution from WML to xHTML)

better supported by TCP/IP

  • More secure connections (end to end security)

WAP 2.0 gateway (proxy) capabilities (rather the same features of WAP 1.2.1 gateway):

  • Service profiling and Personalization
  • IP barring
  • Authentication
  • Wireless optimizer

* source: Nokia

WAP 2.0 browser advantages

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 70

iMODE

A full and new service proposition, involving: A full and new service proposition, involving:

– A presentation language:

  • cHTML (proprietary, but very similar and compatible to common HTML)

– A packet-based transport:

  • Started with 9.6kb, now evolving to standard connex at 64-384kbs
  • Standard HTTP protocol in the phone, no WAP/HTTP Gateway in between
  • HTTPS largely supported to grant end-to-end security (e.g.for premium services)
  • Exploiting the always-on feature of packet-switching for email push
  • Volume-based charging applicable plus possible Subscription (depending on the

Partner service;)

– Certified and interoperable terminals:

  • RIGIDLY enforced to i- mode specs. DoCoMo sets the standards, the handset

manufacturers comply.

– A business model:

  • an ecosystem of service/content providers revenue sharing business model
  • certified/partners Content Providers must comply to DoCoMo specs, but then they are

granted revenue sharing

  • Certification of partners and of terminals grants interoperability

– Service package:

  • Photo messaging (iShot) and video messaging (iMotion):
  • Location-based info services (cell-ID)
  • Java downloading (DoJa), e.g. games
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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 71

iMODE export to Europe

  • The i-mode alliance (European
  • perators deploying i-mode) are

developing i-mode according to different phases under the supervision of NTT-DoCoMo

  • Basically, iMode in Europe is

developed over GPRS and WAP (2.x, i.e. xHTML):

  • Consideration:

– In EU implementations, iMODE terminals shouldn’t require relevant modifications thanks to the small differences of the presentation languages.

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 72

Markup languages hierarchy

  • iMODE and WAP

markup languages are converging towards xHTML.

  • No longer significant

differences.

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Bertinoro, 28-April 2005 Matteo Magotti 73

MATTEO MAGOTTI

Vodafone Italy Department of Technologies Ivrea (TO) - Italy Tel.: +39 348 6170027 email: matteo.magotti@vodafone.com