3/23/2019 A day in the life Plant Clinic (aka The Help Desk) - - PDF document

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3/23/2019 A day in the life Plant Clinic (aka The Help Desk) - - PDF document

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3/23/2019 A day in the life Plant Clinic (aka The Help Desk) Homeowner Home and Garden advice Of an OSU Master Gardener MG program began as a way to meet demand for this information Restricted to calls from non-commercial sources

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3/23/2019 1 Diagnosing Home Gardener problems and making recommendations A day in the life… Of an OSU Master Gardener

Plant Clinic (aka The Help Desk)

Homeowner Home and Garden advice

MG program began as a way to meet demand for this information Restricted to calls from non-commercial sources Provide diagnosis and advice within the office

  • r by phone

OSU Extension Service: 1320 Capitol St. NE Two big advantages…

  • 1. It’s free!
  • 2. Talk to an actual person

A service for residents

  • f Marion County
  • In 2018, there were 1,543 requests for info

Requests are either…

Phone calls (or e-mail) Visits to the office

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Requests for information are usually:

  • 1. Plant identification
  • Ornamentals
  • Weeds
  • Apple/pear/plum variety
  • 2. Insect Identification
  • 3. Pests in the home
  • ants (carpenter, sugar)
  • termites
  • pests of stored products
  • spiders!
  • Lawns
  • Pruning
  • propagation
  • 4. Critter problems
  • Deer control
  • voles
  • moles
  • gophers
  • 6. Plant problems (including lawns)
  • Cultural
  • Disease
  • Insect pest
  • Herbicide damage
  • 5. Requests for cultural information
  • Tree fruit
  • Small fruit
  • Ornamentals

Difficulties:

  • 1. Client may only tell you so much
  • 2. You cannot visit

A simple intake form assists with problem solving:

Recording inquiries

  • Tallied in October for OSU year-end report

The resources we use are…

  • Books
  • Web-based
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Insects (and spiders):

  • Insect ID clinic- Bill Gerth
  • No charge per sample

Plant Disease:

  • Plant Disease Clinic-Melodie Putnam
  • $75 charge per sample

Plant ID:

  • OSU Herbarium-Dr. Melanie Link-Perez
  • No charge per sample

We also can use other faculty and clinics…

Also: Distance Diagnostics http://www.dddi.org/OSU/index.cfm Miscellaneous others

What kind of information do we give out?

  • Verbal: Information just over the phone
  • Photocopies of book chapters
  • OSU publications
  • Printed from the web
  • Hard copies from office files

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/

Inquiries to avoid:

  • 1. Commercial operations…
  • Size of operation
  • Is product being sold?
  • Refer these to

commercial agents! Others…

  • 2. Human health issues
  • Poisonous plants
  • 3. Legal disputes
  • house calls
  • Soil or water tests

Other things we do not do…

EM 8677: Laboratories serving Oregon EC 628: Soil sampling for home gardens and small acreages

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MG volunteer Community Horticulturist Crop Specialist

You don’t have to do it all by yourself! So if you are in doubt…Leave it for me!

Diagnosing plant problems

Neil Bell OSU Extension Marion and Polk Counties First, identify the plant

Flowering pear (Pyrus sp.)

  • 1. Growing conditions
  • 2. Biotic problems
  • 3. Resources
  • What are the characteristics of the plant?
  • How does it display them through the year?
  • 1. Determine that a “real” problem exists

Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica ) with Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) Spruce (Picea sp.) and Russian Cypress (Microbiota decussata)

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Western redcedar (Thuja occidentalis): foliar browning Dwarf Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium ‘Compacta’) Rhododendron sp. Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia sp. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

  • 2. What is the “population” of the plants?

Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis)

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Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’)

The “population” refers to the number of plants of the species of interest that are present

Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), with Hebe (Hebe sp.) Azalea cultivars (Rhododendron spp.): Powdery mildew (Erysiphe azaleae) Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

  • 3. And…how many of the plants are affected?
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Turfgrass: undetermined problem

  • 4. What is the pattern of damage within the population?

Red Alder (Alnus rubra)

Normal

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

  • 1. Entire population uniformly affected

Abnormal Usually the result of non-living, environmental causes

Uniform pattern

  • Occurs over the entire population of plants, or discrete groups

Periwinkle (Vinca major)

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

  • 2. Same part of entire population affected

Abnormal

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Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) Foliar browning on Pinus, Rhododendron and Euonymus

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Abnormal

Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Abnormal

Random pattern

  • Occurs because of progressive spread of a living organism

Noble Fir (Abies nobilis)

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Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi): Black Root rot? Turf: Cranefly (Tipula sp.) damage Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spider mites

Don’t overanalyze “uniform” versus “random”

Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) near La Grande, OR Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Turfgrass (unknown species)

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Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Massachusetts’)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Boxwood (Buxus sp.)

  • 5. What part or parts of the plant are affected?

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) Manzanita (Arctostaphylos x media): Leaf gall aphid (Tamalia cowenii)

Just leaves?

Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Anthracnose (Kabatiella sp.)

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Apple (Malus sp): Scab (Venturia inaequalis)

Leaves and fruit?

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): Mummyberry (Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi)

Leaves, fruit and shoots?

Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.): Mummyberry (Monilinia sp.) Cherry (Prunus avium), Coryneum blight (Wilsonomyces carpophilus))

Stem-tip dieback?

Atlas Blue Cedar (Cedrus atlantica ): Needle Blight (Sirococcus conigenus)

Individual stems dying back entirely?

Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum): Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)

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Twig or branch dieback?

Black walnut (Juglans nigra): Thousand Cankers Disease (Geosmithia morbida) Cherry (Prunus sp.)

The whole plant?

Escallonia (Escallonia sp.)

The whole plant?

English Walnut (Juglans regia) Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Phytophthora Canker (Phytophthora sp.) Birch: Betula utilis

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  • 6. What is the pattern of damage within the plant…

Normal Abnormal Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Abnormal Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’): sunburn Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Nitrogen deficiency Cyclamen (Cyclamen sp.): leaf-edge chlorosis

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Abnormal Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’)

Weeping Cherry: (Prunus sp.) Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata): Leaf spot (Diplocarpon mespili)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Juniper (Juniperus sp.)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Boxwood (Buxus sp.)

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Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Hebe (Hebe ‘Emerald Gem’)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

English Yew (Taxus baccata)

  • 7. What is the pattern on the plant part?

Normal Abnormal Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): drought stress

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): blossom-end rot

Abnormal Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Powdery mildew (Eriysiphe azaleae) Beets (Beta vulgaris ): Leafminer (Pegomya sp.) Maple (Acer sp.): Bladdergall mite (Vasates quadripedes) Pear (Pyrus communis): Scab (Venturia pirina)

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Normal And on conifers….

Weeping baldcypress (Taxodium distichum ‘Cascade Falls’)

Abnormal Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Grand Fir (Abies grandis), Phenoxy herbicide damage

Abnormal Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Needle cast (Rhabdocline spp.)

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Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Silver-spotted Tiger Moth (Lophocampa argentata)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttalii)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Apple (Malus domestica)

Is the pattern…

  • A. Uniform
  • B. Random

Apple (Malus domestica)

  • 8. When did the symptoms appear?

Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria sp.): Frost damage Photo: Luanne Whitaker

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Symptoms appear early in the year?

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): cold injury Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)-Shothole (Thyrostroma carpophilum) Viburnum tinus-sunburn

Symptoms appear later in the year

Lilac (Syringa vulgaris): Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe syringae) Birch (Betula sp.): exposure to phenoxy herbicide

Symptoms appear after specific event

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Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spray damage by horticultural oil

Symptoms appear after specific event

  • 9. Are the symptoms spreading, improving
  • r constant?

2007 2009 Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Leaf scorch Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris)

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Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) Cherry (Prunus sp.)

Symptoms stay the same

Rosa Berries ‘N’ Cream™ Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Sunburn

Damage from non-living factors will induce symptom development, but there will be no signs of a pest

  • 10. Are any signs of a pest present?

Symptoms: Physical characteristics of a problem expressed by the plant. Include:

  • wilting
  • leaf discoloration
  • leaf spots
  • leaf distortion
  • defoliation
  • galls
  • cankers
  • rots/dieback
  • “plant decline”

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus): wilt

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Holly (Ilex sp.): leaf discoloration Western Spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis): leaf spots Redbud (Cercis canadensis): Leaf distortion due to phenoxy herbicide European Pear (Pyrus communis): Fruit distortion due to true bug feeding damage Fraser Photinia (Photinia x fraseri): defoliation by Leaf Spot (Diplocarpon mespili) Birch (Betula sp.): gall

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Forsythia (Forsythia sp.): Stem Gall (Pseudomonas savastanoi) Oak (Quercus sp.): Leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens) Alder (Alnus rubra): cankers (undetermined cause) Peach (Prunus persica): dieback and canker Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): rot caused by Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) Plant decline

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Goldenchain tree (Laburnum x watereri): aphids

Signs: evidence of the actual causal agent Other…

  • rodent mounds/holes
  • slug trails

Diseases:

  • fungal fruiting bodies
  • fungal mycelia

Insects:

  • the insect itself
  • boring holes
  • foliage or twig feeding
  • sawdust
  • frass…

Apple (Malus domestica): Crane fly (Tipula sp.) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sclerotinia wilt (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Apple (Malus domestica): Rust (Gymnosporangium sp.) Big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum): Tar spots (Rhytisma punctatum) Apple (Malus domestica): Leaf roller (species undetermined)

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Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Azalea Lace Bug (Stephanitis pyrioides) Hebe (Hebe sp.): Meadow spittle bugs (Philaenus spumarius) Viburnum davidii: leaf notching due to root weevils Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi)

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Apple: (Malus domestica): frass of the Apple-and-thorn skeletonizer (Choreutis pariana) Hosta: slug trails Vole burrows

Some signs cannot be seen without magnification

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus): Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus (RBDV)

Cherry (Prunus sp.): possible Bacterial canker damage (Pseudomonas syringae)

‘Brooks’ Plum (Prunus domestica): possible Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae)

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‘Brooks’ Plum (Prunus domestica): possible Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae) Pear (Pyrus communis): Leaf spot-undetermined cause

Common cultural and environmental problems in the garden and how to recognize them

  • Planting practices

Cultural causes of plant problems

  • Herbicide injury
  • Pruning injury
  • Root damage
  • Rootbound plants

White-bark birch (Betula jacquemontii)

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Root-bound plants

Fig (Ficus carica): circling roots Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) European White Birch (Betula pendula) Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

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Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara)

Pruning problems

Rockrose (Cistus x hybridus) Oriental Arborvitae: Platycladus orientalis

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Pesticide injury

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): glyphosate damage Photo: B. Strik Bearded Iris (Iris sp.): glyphosate damage Oak leaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia): phenoxy herbicide damage Pine (Pinus sp.) Phenoxy herbicide damage

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Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara): phenoxy herbicide damage Rose (Rosa sp.): acetic acid herbicide injury

Environmental causes of problems

  • Cold Injury
  • Wind/hail/lightning
  • Water (too little or too much)
  • Sun (too much or too little)
  • Pollination problems
  • Nutrient deficiencies

Cold Injury

Cold injury results from:

  • Unexpected frosts
  • Winter low temperatures

Rare to see winter injury to deciduous shrubs and trees or conifers

Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Shrub dogwood (Cornus sericea ‘Kelseyi’)

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Coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis)

Mexican orange (Choisya ternata) Marion trailing blackberry (Rubus ‘Marion’) Apple (Malus domestica) English yew (Taxus baccata): snow damage

Frost damage

Photos: B. Strik Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

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Pollination problems

Honeybee (Apis mellifera) on blueberry flowers (Vaccinium corymbosum) Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) Grape (Vitis sp.)

Too much or too little sun

Vine maple (Acer circinatum)

Distinguish between excess sun (sunburn) and drought stress

Sunburn occurs when a plant, or plant part is exposed to too much sun and heat, even if well-supplied with water Drought stress occurs to any plant when soil water becomes limiting Sunburn can occur on leaves, flowers, fruit or stems…

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Rhododendron: (Rhododendron sp.) Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii): yellow-foliaged cultivar

Hosta sp.: sunburn Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida): heat?

Sunburn on flowers

Mophead Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)

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Sunburn on fruit

Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca Pandula’): winter sunburn?

Lack of sun can cause problems…

Flowering dogwood: (Cornus canadensis)

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Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida)

Mugo Pine: (Pinus mugo)

Too much or too little water

Drought stress is dependent on:

  • Inherent drought tolerance of plant
  • Soil conditions (moisture, structure etc.)
  • Irrigation (and it’s efficacy)
  • Site exposure and aspect
  • Weather conditions (temperature, wind)

Hebe sp.

  • Drooping foliage
  • Tip burn
  • Brown areas on leaves
  • Loss of older leaves
  • Shoot dieback

Symptoms of drought stress

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Eastern Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)

Red Alder (Alnus rubra): drought stress

Katsura tree: (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) Ponderosa Pine Pinus ponderosa

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Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Drainage Problems

Drainage problems result from:

  • Topography
  • Impervious soil

Leyland Cypress: (x Cupresssocyparis leylandii) Boysenberry (Rubus ‘Boysen’) Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.)

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Nutrient deficiencies in plants

Dicentra spectabilis ‘Gold Heart’

Major nutrients: Minor nutrients:

Also: salt toxicity….

Nutrients required by plants

Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Molybdenum (Mo) Boron (B) Chlorine (Cl) Base of plant – mobile (N, P , K, Mg)

Location of symptoms:

Top of plant – immobile (Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) Whole (mid) plant – partially mobile (S, Mo)

Mobile nutrient: symptoms at plant base

Flowering plum (Prunus x blireana)

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Mobile nutrient: Nitrogen deficiency

Japanese Fatsia (Fatsia japonica ‘Variegata’) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Nitrogen deficiency Turf: Nitrogen deficiency

Immobile Nutrient: Iron

Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): pH-induced Fe deficiency

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Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum: pH-induced Fe deficiency Apple (Malus domestica): bitter pit

Immobile Nutrient deficiency in fruit: Calcium

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum): Blossom end rot

Salt toxicity

Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alatus): salt toxicity

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Wind

Hardy Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta): scarred fruit

Hail

Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): hail damage Apple (Malus domestica): Hail damage Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Lightning damage

  • Plant Disease Control:
  • PNW Disease Management Handbook

http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/

  • Insect Pest Control:
  • PNW Insect Management Handbook

https://pnwhandbooks.org/insect

  • Weed Control:
  • PNW Weed Management Handbook

http://pnwhandbooks.org/weed/

Websites for home garden problems

Pesticide recommendations for homeowners