27/04/2019 1/24 27/04/2019 SCHEME OF PRESENTATION FRESH WATER - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SCHEME OF PRESENTATION

 FRESH WATER MANAGEMENT

 SEAWATER DESALINATION  NUCLEAR DESALINATION  PAEC ROLE IN NUCLEAR DESALINAITON  SUGESSTIONS - LONG TERM PLAN

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• Water

is both life giving source and . a potentially devastating force.

• When

it rains, it rains too much and . dry spell is too dry.

• Imbalance between supply and demand requires.

 Judicious use of available sources.  Regulated / controlled consumption and wastage  Development of additional resources

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FRESH WATER MANAGEMENT

WATER CONSUMED AND VALUED

SUPPLY CONSUMPTION WATER COST Abundance High (Wastage) No / Low Cost Shortage Reduced Moderate Cost Scarcity Further Reduced High Cost

Regulated / Controlled Consumption Charge Water

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WORLD FRESH WATER RESOURCES

• 2.5 % of world water is FRESH WATER.(Rest Seawater)
• Two-third locked in Icecaps and Glaciers.
• Of remaining, ~ 20 %,in remote and not easily accessible

areas.

• Balance mainly includes rain water, which falls at the wrong

places and time (i.e. monsoon, floods) and is not useable.

• Accessible water for mankind is less than

0.08% of total water on earth.

• Under ground aquifers --- (fast depleting).
• Lakes / Rivers / Ponds
• -- (Polluted / Contaminated).

Seawater is the only available source to produce more fresh water.

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WATER AVAILAIBLE IN PAKISTAN

• Pakistan

is among the most water stressed . countries in the world with less than one thousand . cubic meters of water available per head annually.

• Pakistan will become a water scarce country by 2025.

Per Capita Water Availability in Pakistan Year Population (Millions) Per Capita Water Availability in (M3) 1951 34 5650 2003 146 1200 2010 168 1000 2025 221 800

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WATER CRISIS – WORLD EXPERIENCES

• Brazil (Sao Paulo):
• Brazil was once called Saudia Arabia for fresh water.
• Fresh water rationing.
• In-Country Fights.
• South Africa (Cap Town):
• Last year “Day Zero” for tap water.
• Water rationing.
• 200 water supply station.
• Serious water conservation efforts.
• “Day Zero” deferred.
• California State :
• Water rationing -- No Lawn watering.
• Ground water management.
• Crop Management.
• Water trading.
• Incentive to conserve.

Cont’d

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• Israel :
• Half century ago no water -- Jordan river only.
• Now water exporter / Desalination.
• Drip irrigation.
• Waste Water Recycling.
• Pakistan / India :

(Indus Water Treaty)

• Pakistan / Afghanistan :

(Kabul River)

• Water Crisis in Karachi :
• Tanker Mafia.
• Gross Mismanagement.
• Leaky Network Current Situation in Karachi ! !
• No New Sources.
• Water Metering.

Politicians and planners are oblivious to it. ! !

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WATER CRISIS CAUSES / SOLUTIUONS

• Storage Capacity.
• Ground Water Management.
• Crops Management.
• Pollution / Contamination.
• Global Warming / Climate Change.
• Chronically Leaky System / Pilfering.
• Population Growth.
• Tanker Mafia.
• Water Conservation / Awareness / Regulations.
• Decreasing Fresh Water Sources.
• Development of New Sources.
• Waste Water Recycling.
• Seawater Desalination.

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SEAWATER DESALINATION

• Sea water desalination is best way to meet increasing

. demand of fresh water especially along coastal areas.

• This has been widely developed in past several

. . decades in many Arid and Semi-Arid Zones. . (Saudi Arabia and Middle East Countries)

• Seawater

desalination can produce fresh water . with necessary quality by choosing an appropriate . desalination process.

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DESALINATION PROCESSES

 REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) 

VAPOUR COMPRESSION (VCD, MED /

VC) Electricity as Source

• MULTI STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION (MSF) Thermal Energy +

 MULTI EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED) Electricity as Source

• MED – HT (Vertical Tube)
• MED – LT (Horizontal Tube)

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COMPARISON OF DESALINATION PROCESSES

Multi-Effect Desalination (MED) Multi Stage Flash (MSF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Vapor Compression (VCD)

High Production Capacity Labor Intensive Flexibility in water Quantity and Quality. High Water Quality (20ppm). Low Capital Cost High Operating Cost Flexibility in Operation Startup and Shut-off. Small Space Requirement. High Purity (<30 ppm) High Construction Requirement. Simple Operation. Short Construction Period. Minimal Skilled Operator High Purity Production (<30 ppm) Operation and Production Flexibility. Low skill Requirement.

(International Journal of Nuclear Desalination)

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VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF DESALINATION PROCESS

Process Quality of Raw Water (ppm) Quality of Produced Water (ppm) Capital Costs (US$) per installed gallon/per day Desalinated Water Cost (US$)/m3

MSF

10000 -100000

2-50 5-6 0.8-1.5 MED

10000-100000

2-50 3.5-4.5 0.7-1.0 VCD

10000-100000

2-50 0.6-1.0 RO Up to 50000 100-500 3.2 0.45-0.8

(International Journal of Nuclear Desalination)

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WHY NUCLEAR DESALINATION

 Desalination is considered as energy intensive process where

energy cost(~20%) is a major controlling parameter in the

• ver all cost of desalination.

 Nuclear power plants have relatively lower thermal efficiency

as compare to conventional power plants.

 For same electrical energy output, nuclear power plant will

have larger amount

• f

waste heat (dumped through condensers) for efficient utilization by thermal desalination.

 Studies by French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) for

NPPs for power for co-generation.

 Economic

studies by IAEA have shown that nuclear desalination option is cost competitive with conventional fossil fuelled plants.

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COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN NUCLEAR DESALINATION

 JAPAN  Kazakhstan  CHINA  SOUTH KOREA  RUSSIAN FEDERATION  ARGENTINA  INDIA  PAKISTAN  CANADA

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DESIGN APPROACHES-NUCLEAR DESALINATION

 Safety :

Safety of desalination plant depends on safety of NPP . and .the interface of the two.

 Design Life : Design life of NPP

, desalination plant and coupling.

 Operational Flexibility :

• Break Down of NPP and / or desalination plant
• Hybrid Plant (RO + Thermal)
• Back up heat source.

 Design Limitations:

• Seawater Intake / Outfall
• Influence of Temperature and Salinity of brine discharge.
• Selection of Desalination process

 IAEA Support:

• Capacity Building
• Economic and Safety Studies.

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PAEC ROLE FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION

(For RO Plant)

• Fresh water supply from Karachi city for KANUPP.
• Dedicated supply line upto KANUPP

.

• KANUPP provides fresh water to nearby villages.
• Decline in city water supply.
• Tanker water for essential requirement.
• Carried out safety and economic studies for nuclear

. .desalination plant.

• RO based desalination plant operational since year1998

. (100,000 gallons / per day ).

• First seawater desalination plant in country.
• No freshwater supply for KANUPP from Karachi.
• Technical support for installation and commissioning of RO

. plant at Gawadar port.

• Seawater desalination plant for Gwadar Port.

.

(100,000 GPD).

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PAEC ROLE FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION

(For Thermal Desalination)

• After successful operation of RO plant technical, safety and

…economic studies with IAEA for coupling of thermal desalination . plant with KANUPP .

• Radiation control and isolation loop studies.
• MED

based thermal desalination plant (0.45 M GPD) . operational since 2009.

• Most of the process equipment manufactured by PAEC (HMC-3).
• Installation, commissioning and O/M by KANUPP.

Objective is to acquire thermal desalination . technology in country – self reliance program of PAEC.

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WHY MED

 MED use ~ 33% of electrical power

required by MSF.

 Seawater intake can be up to 50% of that

for MSF.

 Rapid Development.  High operational flexibility in different

loads. Equipment design and manufacturing. T echnology available for localization.

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FUTURE STRATEGY :

HYBRID DESALINATION PLANT RO and THERMAL

• Common intake and discharge Structure / System.
• Sharing of infrastructure and manpower.
• RO plant continue operation to provide minimum quantity of

fresh water during NPP shutdown when MED is also not

• perational.
• Seawater from MED to be utilized as feed for RO plant.
• Part of high purity product water of MED will be used for

make-up process of NPP .

• Blending of product water from RO and MED plants would

provide desired fresh water quality.

• Blending of product water from RO and MED allows
• perating RO plant at relatively higher TDS, thus reduction in

membrance replacement cost (~40%)

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

No fresh water supply from Karachi city for K2/K3.



RO and MED plants support K2/K3 from early stage.



Additional seawater desalination plant for K2/K3 construction phase.



At present different desalination plants are producing ~ 5MGPD fresh water for KANUPP, K2/K3 and other facilities at KANUUP Site.

LONG TERM PLAN

• Detailed T

echnical, safety and economic studies are planned for 10 – 15M GPD. Thermal desalination plant to be installed after start up of K2/K3.

• The proposed plant will also provide fresh water

for the community around KANNUPP site.

PAEC ROLE FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION (Current Status)

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 With RO and MED based desalination plants

PAEC has acquired expertise for :

• Installation, commissioning and

O/M of seawater desalination plant.

• More than 100 man-year experience of sea

water desalination plants.

• Process equipment design and manufacturing

capability in PAEC.

PAEC EXPERIENCE IN NUCLEAR DESALINATION

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SUGGESTIONS - LONG TERM PLAN

 All

future coastal NPPs will be for co-generation with hybrid desalination.

 Conventional

power plants may also install sea water desalination for fresh water requirements for power plant and community around.

 Expertise developed by PAEC can be

shared for similar projects in public and private sector.

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