27/04/2019 1/24 27/04/2019 SCHEME OF PRESENTATION FRESH WATER - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

27/04/2019 1/24

27/04/2019 SCHEME OF PRESENTATION  FRESH WATER MANAGEMENT  SEAWATER DESALINATION  NUCLEAR DESALINATION  PAEC ROLE IN NUCLEAR DESALINAITON  SUGESSTIONS - LONG TERM PLAN 2/24

27/04/2019 FRESH WATER MANAGEMENT  Water is both life giving source and . a potentially devastating force.  When it rains, it rains too much and . dry spell is too dry.  Imbalance between supply and demand requires. Judicious use of available sources.  Regulated / controlled consumption and wastage  Development of additional resources  3/24

27/04/2019 WATER CONSUMED AND VALUED SUPPLY CONSUMPTION WATER COST Abundance High (Wastage) No / Low Cost Shortage Reduced Moderate Cost Scarcity Further Reduced High Cost Regulated / Controlled Consumption Charge Water 4/24

27/04/2019 WORLD FRESH WATER RESOURCES  2.5 % of world water is FRESH WATER.(Rest Seawater)  Two-third locked in Icecaps and Glaciers.  Of remaining, ~ 20 %,in remote and not easily accessible areas.  Balance mainly includes rain water, which falls at the wrong places and time (i.e. monsoon, floods) and is not useable.  Accessible water for mankind is less than 0.08% of total water on earth. - Under ground aquifers --- (fast depleting). - Lakes / Rivers / Ponds --- (Polluted / Contaminated). Seawater is the only available source to produce more fresh water. 5/24

27/04/2019 WATER AVAILAIBLE IN PAKISTAN  Pakistan is among the most water stressed . countries in the world with less than one thousand . cubic meters of water available per head annually. Per Capita Water Availability in Pakistan Year Population Per Capita Water (Millions) Availability in (M 3 ) 1951 34 5650 2003 146 1200 2010 168 1000 2025 221 800 Pakistan will become a water scarce country by 2025.  6/24

27/04/2019 WATER CRISIS – WORLD EXPERIENCES Brazil (Sao Paulo): • - Brazil was once called Saudia Arabia for fresh water. - Fresh water rationing. - In-Country Fights. South Africa (Cap Town): • - Last year “Day Zero” for tap water. - Water rationing. - 200 water supply station. - Serious water conservation efforts. - “Day Zero” deferred.  California State : - Water rationing -- No Lawn watering. - Ground water management. - Crop Management. - Water trading. - Incentive to conserve. Cont’d 7/24

27/04/2019 • Israel : - Half century ago no water -- Jordan river only. - Now water exporter / Desalination. - Drip irrigation. - Waste Water Recycling. • Pakistan / India : (Indus Water Treaty) • Pakistan / Afghanistan : (Kabul River) • Water Crisis in Karachi : - Tanker Mafia. - Gross Mismanagement. - Leaky Network Current Situation in Karachi ! ! - No New Sources. - Water Metering. Politicians and planners are oblivious to it. ! ! 8/24

27/04/2019 WATER CRISIS CAUSES / SOLUTIUONS  Storage Capacity.  Ground Water Management.  Crops Management.  Pollution / Contamination.  Global Warming / Climate Change.  Chronically Leaky System / Pilfering.  Population Growth.  Tanker Mafia.  Water Conservation / Awareness / Regulations.  Decreasing Fresh Water Sources.  Development of New Sources. - Waste Water Recycling. - Seawater Desalination. 9/24

27/04/2019 SEAWATER DESALINATION  Sea water desalination is best way to meet increasing . demand of fresh water especially along coastal areas.  This has been widely developed in past several . . decades in many Arid and Semi-Arid Zones. . (Saudi Arabia and Middle East Countries)  Seawater desalination can produce fresh water . with necessary quality by choosing an appropriate . desalination process. 10/24

27/04/2019 DESALINATION PROCESSES  REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) VAPOUR COMPRESSION (VCD, MED / VC) Electricity as Source  MULTI STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION (MSF) Thermal Energy + •  MULTI EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED) Electricity as Source - MED – HT (Vertical Tube) - MED – LT (Horizontal Tube) 11/24

27/04/2019 COMPARISON OF DESALINATION PROCESSES Multi-Effect Multi Stage Reverse Vapor Desalination Flash Osmosis (RO) Compression (MED) (MSF) (VCD) High Production Labor Intensive Flexibility in water High Water Quality Capacity Quantity and (20ppm). Quality. Low Capital High Operating Flexibility Small Space Cost Cost in Operation Requirement. Startup and Shut-off. High Purity High Construction Simple Operation. Short Construction (<30 ppm) Requirement. Period. Minimal Skilled High Purity Operation and Operator Production (<30 Production ppm) Flexibility. Low skill Requirement. (International Journal of Nuclear Desalination) 12/24

27/04/2019 VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF DESALINATION PROCESS Process Quality of Quality of Capital Costs Desalinated Raw Water Produced (US$) per Water Cost (ppm) Water installed (US$)/m 3 (ppm) gallon/per day MSF 10000 -100000 2-50 5-6 0.8-1.5 MED 10000-100000 2-50 3.5-4.5 0.7-1.0 VCD 10000-100000 2-50 0.6-1.0 RO Up to 50000 100-500 3.2 0.45-0.8 (International Journal of Nuclear Desalination) 13/24

27/04/2019 WHY NUCLEAR DESALINATION  Desalination is considered as energy intensive process where energy cost(~20%) is a major controlling parameter in the over all cost of desalination.  Nuclear power plants have relatively lower thermal efficiency as compare to conventional power plants.  For same electrical energy output, nuclear power plant will have larger amount of waste heat (dumped through condensers) for efficient utilization by thermal desalination.  Studies by French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) for NPPs for power for co-generation.  Economic studies by IAEA have shown that nuclear desalination option is cost competitive with conventional fossil fuelled plants. 14/24

27/04/2019 COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN NUCLEAR DESALINATION  JAPAN  Kazakhstan  CHINA  SOUTH KOREA  RUSSIAN FEDERATION  ARGENTINA  INDIA  PAKISTAN  CANADA 15/24

27/04/2019 DESIGN APPROACHES-NUCLEAR DESALINATION  Safety : Safety of desalination plant depends on safety of NPP . and .the interface of the two.  Design Life : Design life of NPP , desalination plant and coupling.  Operational Flexibility : ◦ Break Down of NPP and / or desalination plant ◦ Hybrid Plant (RO + Thermal) ◦ Back up heat source.  Design Limitations: ◦ Seawater Intake / Outfall ◦ Influence of Temperature and Salinity of brine discharge. ◦ Selection of Desalination process  IAEA Support: ◦ Capacity Building ◦ Economic and Safety Studies. 16/24

27/04/2019 PAEC ROLE FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION (For RO Plant)  Fresh water supply from Karachi city for KANUPP.  Dedicated supply line upto KANUPP .  KANUPP provides fresh water to nearby villages.  Decline in city water supply.  Tanker water for essential requirement.  Carried out safety and economic studies for nuclear . .desalination plant.  RO based desalination plant operational since year1998 . (100,000 gallons / per day ).  First seawater desalination plant in country.  No freshwater supply for KANUPP from Karachi.  Technical support for installation and commissioning of RO . plant at Gawadar port.  Seawater desalination plant for Gwadar Port. . (100,000 GPD). 17/24

27/04/2019 PAEC ROLE FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION (For Thermal Desalination)  After successful operation of RO plant technical, safety and … economic studies with IAEA for coupling of thermal desalination . plant with KANUPP .  Radiation control and isolation loop studies.  MED based thermal desalination plant (0.45 M GPD) . operational since 2009.  Most of the process equipment manufactured by PAEC (HMC-3).  Installation, commissioning and O/M by KANUPP. Objective is to acquire thermal desalination . technology in country – self reliance program of PAEC. 18/24

27/04/2019 WHY MED  MED use ~ 33% of electrical power required by MSF.  Seawater intake can be up to 50% of that for MSF.  Rapid Development.  High operational flexibility in different loads. Equipment design and manufacturing. T echnology available for localization. 19/24

27/04/2019 FUTURE STRATEGY : HYBRID DESALINATION PLANT RO and THERMAL  Common intake and discharge Structure / System.  Sharing of infrastructure and manpower.  RO plant continue operation to provide minimum quantity of fresh water during NPP shutdown when MED is also not operational.  Seawater from MED to be utilized as feed for RO plant.  Part of high purity product water of MED will be used for make-up process of NPP .  Blending of product water from RO and MED plants would provide desired fresh water quality.  Blending of product water from RO and MED allows operating RO plant at relatively higher TDS, thus reduction in membrance replacement cost (~40%) 20/24