2. Cellular and Molecular Biology 2.1 Cell Structure 2.2 Transport - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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2. Cellular and Molecular Biology 2.1 Cell Structure 2.2 Transport - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 29, 2023 327 likes •1.02k views

2. Cellular and Molecular Biology 2.1 Cell Structure 2.2 Transport Across Cell Membranes 2.3 Cellular Metabolism 2.4 DNA Replication 2.5 Cell Division 2.6 Biosynthesis 2.1 Cell Structure What is a cell? The smallest and most basic unit of

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  • 2. Cellular and Molecular Biology
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2.1 Cell Structure 2.2 Transport Across Cell Membranes 2.3 Cellular Metabolism

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2.4 DNA Replication 2.5 Cell Division 2.6 Biosynthesis

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2.1 Cell Structure

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What is a cell? The smallest and most basic unit of most

  • rganisms. Species

can be single celled (like Salmonella bacteria) or multicellular and complex, like humans.

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There are two main types of cells. Prokaryotes (like bacteria) have no nucleus or other membrane-bound

  • rganelles

DNA is a single circular chromosome Unicellular organisms

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Eukaryotes (like plants, fungi, and animal cells) have a nucleus as well as other membrane- bound organelles DNA is arranged into multiple chromosomes Unicellular and multicellular organisms

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Plant and Animal cells both contain

  • a cell membrane
  • a nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cytoplasmic
  • rganelles
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Animal and Plant cells also contain

  • microvilli
  • a cytoskeleton
  • ribosomes
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • mitochondria
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Mitochondria – produce energy (cellular respiration) Ribosomes – site

  • f protein

synthesis

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Plant cells additionally contain

  • a cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • a central

vacuole

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The cell membrane separates the cell from its environment, allowing for the interior environment

  • f the cell to be very

different from the exterior

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The cell membrane is composed of

  • a lipid bilayer
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
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2.2 Transport Across Cell Membranes

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Cell membranes protect the interior of the cell from the exterior. Transport of molecules across the membrane is possible, and depends upon the size and polarity of the molecule.

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Transport across cell membranes has two basic types

  • Passive transport
  • Simple diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated

diffusion

  • Active transport
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Polar Non-polar

Simple diffusion, with a concentration gradient, small nonpolar molecules

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Facilitated diffusion, small polar molecules, like glucose, amino acids

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In active transport molecules move across cell membranes with an expenditure of energy

  • Moving against a

concentration gradient

  • Requires energy,

usually in the form

  • f ATP
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2.3 Cellular Metabolism

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Cellular Metabolism encompasses all types of energy transformation in cells

  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
  • Growth
  • Movement
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Metabolic Pathways

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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary energy currency in biological systems

  • Energy is released by

hydrolysis of one of the phosphate groups to form ADP

  • Energy is stored by

attaching a new phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

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Photosynthesis takes place in cells with chlorophyll, a green pigment that can absorb light

  • Typically in plants
  • Two phases
  • Light reaction
  • Dark reaction
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Respiration takes place in all cells

  • Glucose is broken

down to release energy (glycolysis)

  • Two types
  • Anaerobic (no O2)
  • Aerobic (with O2)
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Net outcome of glycolysis (from 1 molecule of glucose)

  • 2 molecules of pyruvate
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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2.4 DNA Replication

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What is DNA? DeoxyriboNucleic Acid A biopolymer that encodes all of the information needed to form a specific

  • rganism and produce

proteins for functioning A gene is a portion of DNA that encodes a specific protein

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2’-DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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Since DNA codes for genes, which contain the blueprint for an organism, its important to be able to make copies of this blueprint for each cell The end result of DNA replication is two pieces of double stranded DNA identical to the parent DNA

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In transcription, an RNA (ribonucleic acid) copy of the DNA is made. What does it mean to transcribe something?

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In translation, the information contained in the RNA copy of the DNA is used to guide the creation of proteins. What does it mean to translate something?

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DNA RNA Protein replication transcription translation

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2.5 Cell Division

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Cell division is the process of cellular reproduction, where a copy of the cells “blueprint” needs to be made and passed

  • n
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centromere chromatids homologs

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Mitosis A sequence of events that ends with cell division and the creation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell

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4 Phases of Mitosis

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that takes place in eukaryotes. It reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in 4 daughter cells (gametes) that are all genetically distinct from the parent cell as part of reproduction.

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2.6 Biosynthesis

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Biosynthesis is the process of making chemical compounds, like proteins and DNA, by living things. Through anabolic processes, small molecules and building blocks can get built up into larger functional systems.

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Enzymes are made primarily of protein and act as catalysts to help reactions take place in biological systems by lowering the activation energy, and therefore increasing the rate of reaction.

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