2/6/16 Linguistic Mazes in Children with Disclosures Autism - PDF document

2/6/16 Linguistic Mazes in Children with Disclosures Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention De:icit Hyperactivity u We have no relevant financial or nonfinancial relaLonships related to any informaLon presented. Disorder LIZBETH H. FINESTACK, PH.D., CCC-SLP KATHERINE BANGERT, DOCTORAL STUDENT, M.A., CCC-SLP SOMER L. BISHOP, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO What are linguistic mazes? What are linguistic mazes? Dollaghan & Campbell (1992) Maze Taxonomy Pauses RepeLLons Revisions Orphans What are linguistic mazes? Why do linguistic mazes occur? Dollaghan & Campbell (1992) Maze Taxonomy Maze producLon Filled pause: “I (uh) went shopping” associated with Pauses Silent pause: “I… went shopping.” weaknesses in the language and execuLve RepeLLons “We (we) went to the store.” funcLoning cogniLve “My brother, I mean my sister said I domains. Revisions could go.” Orphans “I went to the… Tomorrow is Friday.” 1

2/6/16 Maze Framework proposed by Rispoli Mazes and Speci:ic Language Impairment and colleagues (2001, 2003, & 2008) Stalls Revisions • Children with SLI generally produce mazes at a higher rate than typically developing children • Dollagahn & Campbell, 1992; Thordardo7r & Weismer, 2002; Navarro-Ruiz • Reflect “glitches” • Reflect external & Rallo-Fabra, 2001; Guo, Tomblin, & Samelson, 2008; NeFelbladt & in language monitoring Hannson, 1999; Wetherell, D., Bo7ng & ConK-Ramsden, 2007 encoding • Increase with use • Thordardobr and Ellis Weismer (2002): Compared to • Include filler of more complex typically developing children, children with SLI produced: pauses and language • Significantly more repeLLons, revisions, and orphans • BUT fewer filled pauses repeLLons Attention De:icit Hyperactivity Disorder What about other special populations? (ADHD) u Redmond (2004) u Children with ADHD had significantly higher use of mazes than typically developing children and children with SLI. u The fluency difficulLes were perhaps caused by limitaLons in execuLve funcLon in these children. u Redmond suggested that maze use might be used as a diagnosLc indicator of ADHD. Autism Spectrum Disorder Current Study u Shriberg et al. (2006) u To evaluate Rispoli’s and Thordardobr and Ellis Weismer’s frameworks, we compared the relaLonships between the u Compared adolescent and adult males with high funcLoning producLon of filler pauses, repeLLons, and revisions and cogniLve auLsm, Asperger’s syndrome, and typically developing and language development in children with: peers u ADHD u Individuals with high funcLoning auLsm and those with Asperger’s syndrome produced more word repeLLons and u ASD revisions than peers with typical development 2

2/6/16 Research Questions Research Questions 1. Are there differences in maze use 3. Are maze types produced at the 4. How does maze use relate to 2. Is maze use context dependent? by children with ADHD and children same rate? language ability? with ASD? Predic1on: Predic1on: Predic1on: Based Thordardobr and Ellis Weismer’s Predic1on: The Rispoli framework associates filler pauses framework which characterizes filler pause use as and repeLLons with encoding difficulty, and We know in both groups, there are subgroups • Recalling sentences requires less encoding • a pragmaLc funcLon to hold the listener’s with language and execuLve funcLoning revisions with language monitoring ability. because parLcipants are provided with a akenLon, we expected for: weaknesses and both groups have elevated Therefore we expected: model sentence. maze use. The ASD group, fewer filled pauses than • Filler pauses and repeLLons to have a weak • repeLLons and revisions. We expected more mazes in conversaLonal These groups have not been directly • • associaLon with language ability. contexts versus recalling sentences tasks. compared before, therefore we did not have a The ADHD group, no significant differences • Revision use to be posiLvely correlated with clear predicLon regarding group differences. across maze types. • language ability. Participant Characteristics Method ASD ADHD Total Mean Mean Mean u ParLcipants SD SD SD (min-max) (min-max) (min-max) u 16 children with ADHD Age 102.5 24.8 117 22.03 112.17 23.5 70-140 70-152 70-152 u 8 children with ASD NVIQ 110.25 16.69 96 11.94 100.75 15.02 u Age range: 5-13 years 89-136 75-117 75-136 VIQ 111 14.04 94.88 16.61 100.25 17.32 96-139 65-118 65-139 MLU 5.32 1.18 4.92 .90 5.05 .996 3.5-6.8 3.2-6.8 3.2-6.8 CELF 61.93 10.5 59.88 15.06 60.46 13.5 45-78 37-82 37-82 Maze Sampling Contexts u Trained research assistants transcribed video recordings of ADOS and audio recordings of the Recalling Sentences subtest of the CELF Transcription and Clinical Evalua1on of Language Maze Coding u Transcribed using SystemaLc Analysis of Au1sm Diagnos1c Observa1on Fundamentals-4: Recalling Language TranscripLons convenLons, Schedule Sentences Subtest including maze variables (ADOS; Lord, Ruker, DiLavore, & Risi, 2002) (CELF-4; Semel, Wiig, Secord, 2003) u Key study variables included: u Consists of four modules that provide u Evaluates the child’s ability to listen and u mean length of ukerance in morphemes social-communicaLve sequences through repeat verbaLm sentences of increasing (MLU) various structured and unstructured length and syntacLc u rate of maze types per ukerance: situaLons u filler pauses u repeLLons u revisions 3

2/6/16 Transcription and Transcription and Maze Coding Maze Coding u Percent agreement for Sentence u Percent agreement for conversaLon: RepeLLon: ADOS Reliability u RepeLLons 93% CELF Reliability u RepeLLons 78% u Filled pauses 90% u Filled pauses 92% u Revisions 78% u Revisions 89% u Mazes overall 88% u Mazes overall 90% 1. Are there differences in maze use by children with ADHD and children with ASD? Results ADOS: Nonparametric Mann –Whitney U Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD 0.15 0.35 0.3 Rate per UPerance Rate per UPerance 0.25 0.1 0.2 ADHD 0.15 ASD 0.05 0.1 0.05 0 0 Filler Pauses RepeLLons Revisions Total Mazes p = .49 p = .08 p = .79 p = .38 1. Are there differences in maze use by 1. Are there differences in maze use by children with ADHD and children with ASD? children with ADHD and children with ASD? **controlling for utterance length** ADOS: Nonparametric Mann –Whitney U Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD CELF: Nonparametric Mann –Whitney U Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD 0.9 0.35 0.7 Percent of UPerances with 0.8 0.3 0.6 Rate per UPerance Rate per UPerance 0.7 0.5 0.25 0.6 Mazes 0.2 0.4 0.5 ADHD ADHD 0.4 0.15 0.3 ASD ASD 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 Filler Pauses RepeLLons Revisions Total Mazes 11 Word Ukerances 12 Word Ukerances 13 Word Ukerances p = .83 p = .61 p = .21 p = .93 p = .14 p = .68 p = .32 4

2/6/16 1. Are there differences in maze use by 2. Is maze use context dependent? children with ADHD and children with ASD? **controlling for utterance length** CELF: Nonparametric Mann –Whitney U Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD ADHD: Related Samples Signed Rank Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD 0.7 0.7 0.35 Percent of UPerances with 0.3 0.6 0.6 Rate per UPerance Rate per UPerance 0.25 0.5 0.5 Mazes 0.2 0.4 0.4 ADOS ADHD 0.15 0.3 0.3 CELF ASD 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 Filler Pauses RepeLLons Revisions Total Mazes 11 Word Ukerances 12 Word Ukerances 13 Word Ukerances p = .44 p < .01 p < .01 p < .01 p = .88 p = .53 p = 1.00 2. Is maze use context dependent? 2. Is maze use context dependent? **controlling for utterance length** ADHD: Related Samples Signed Rank Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD ASD: Related Samples Signed Rank Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD 0.8 0.35 0.7 Percent of UPerances with 0.7 0.3 0.6 Rate per UPerance Rate per UPerance 0.6 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 Mazes ADOS ADOS 0.4 0.15 0.3 CELF 0.3 CELF 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 Filler Pauses RepeLLons Revisions Total Mazes 11 Word Ukerances 12 Word Ukerances 13 Word Ukerances p = .40 p = .07 p = .33 p = .04 p = .50 p = .06 p = .50 3. Are maze types produced at the same 2. Is maze use context dependent? **controlling for utterance length** rate? ADOS: Related Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD ASD: Related Samples Signed Rank Tests; Bars = +/- 1 SD ADHD ASD 0.9 p = .06 p = .07 Percent of UPerances with 0.03 0.03 0.8 0.7 P < .01 0.6 0.02 0.02 Mazes 0.5 ADOS 0.4 0.01 CELF 0.01 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 Filler Pauses RepeLLons Revisions Filler Pauses RepeLLons Revisions 11 Word Ukerances 12 Word Ukerances 13 Word Ukerances p = .07 p = .09 p = .02 5