B R E E J I M E N E Z , P H D U N I V E R S I T Y O F N O R T H C A R O L I N A A T G R E E N S B O R O B A J I M E N E @ U N C G . E D U A L I C I A S A U N D E R S , M . A . U N I V E R S I T Y O F N O R T H C A R O L I N A A T C H A R L O T T E A F Q U E S I N @ U N C C . E D U 1
OBJECTIVES • Writ iting an and d Readi ading • Stag ages o s of Writin ing • 6 Writin ing T Trait its • Graph phic ic O Organiz izers • Lesson Pl Plan anning an and d Forma mative A Asse ssessments This is pre resentatio ion wil ill pre resent examples of of stud udent work al along w with p pract actical appli lications for stud udents at at all ll sy symboli lic le levels els and and acr across 2 the he curriculum. .
WRITING Read ading an and d Writ iting g go han and-in in-hand nd • Complimentary activities • Should be taught concurrently and should interrelate • NOT a one-size fits all approach Be Best me method is is to pr provid ide o oppo pportunities t to wr writ ite ab about MEANINGFUL e events an and d topic pics! 3
WRITING Need f d for repe peated r d readi ading o oppo pportunities t to help p buil ild read ading an and d wr writ iting sk skil ills • Allow students to choose materials • Need to read and reread texts, summarize, and write about what was read • Integrate technology to help make students more independent 4
KEYS TO WRITING SUCCESS • Pr Practice, pr prac actice, pr prac actice • Mod Model f for or students • Pr Provide f feedb dbac ack an and d error c correction • Encoura rage s students 5
STAGES OF WRITING Developme pmental al S Stages o s of Writin ing ( (Sulzby by, 1 1989) 989): Draw awing • Scr cribbl bbling • Letter string ngs • Inven ented ed Spel elling • Con onvention onal Sp l Spelli lling • Stud uden ents with moder erate e and nd sever ere e disabilities es progress through thes ese e stages es as wel ell (Hed edrick, Ka Katim, & Carr, 1999; 999; Ka Katims ims, 199 991) 1) 6
BEGINNING WRITING ACTIVITIES • Pic Picture wr writ iting • St Structured se d sentences wit with f fil ill-in b blan ank spac spaces • Sentence s starters • Sc Scrambled w words ds t to pu put in into a a se sentence • Orde dering se sentences in into a a par parag agraph ph • Journ rnal W l Writing/Experi rience J Journals ls 7
PICTURE WRITING • Purpose is to develop student’s ability to express themselves through writing. • Student will draw or select a picture. Then instruct student to “write” about it. • Students may use scribbles, may orally express what they want help writing, may use invented spelling, or may be able to create own words or sentences. 8
EXAMPLE SENTENCE STARTER FOR SWSD: 9
TACTILE EXPERIENCE JOURNAL • Select a topic that is personally relevant to the student (e.g., events from daily life) • Teacher will ask questions to help student create sentences • Teacher writes sentences • Student helps select supporting items to go with the story (e.g., pictures or tactile items) • Read story with student 10
ACCOMMODATIONS FOR WRITING Exam ampl ples s for t the c classroom: Spelling lists (e.g., Dolch High Frequency Sight Words) • Word Wall in classroom • Editing checklist • Graphic organizers • Have students read written passage aloud • Computer (Spelling and grammar check) • Speech-to-text software: TextHelp, Kurzwell, Sappy Speech, and Macintalk • 11
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR WRITING Need to identify strengths and weaknesses • Often standardized assessments offer little information for our • students Suggestions: Test of Developmental Spelling and a Test of • Listening Comprehension (Johns, 1994) Accessibility: Address student’s physical needs (e.g., gross and • fine motor skills) 12
TECHNOLOGY FOR WRITING Form o of Uni niversal De Design f for Learni ning • • Allows all students regardless of background, learning style, ability, or disability to write Just a a few w exam xamples: • • Alpha Smart (dictate compositions) • Clicker 4 • iPad • DynaVox • SymWriter/Writing with Symbols 2000 13
INTERNET BASED RESOURCES Text-reading software • • *Natural Readers- www.naturalreaders.com • *iSpeech Beta- www.ispeech.org • *CAST UDL Book Builder™- www.bookbuilder.cast.org Word-prediction software • • Don Johnston, Write:OutLoud 6 Visual concept-organization software • • Inspiration Software, Inc. and Kidspiration http://www.inspiration.com/ Graphic-Organizers • • *To Build Your Own: http://www.teach-nology.com/web_tools/graphic_org/ • *Premade: http://www.eduplace.com/kids/hme/k_5/graphorg/ ) Writing Templates • • *CAST Science Writer- http://sciencewriter.cast.org/welcome * Indicates free 14
Content/Ideas Information/ Organization Grammar/ Mechanics Sentence Fluency Word Choice/ Clarity Voice 6 WRITING TRAITS 15 REFERENCES: EDINA PUBLIC SCHOOLS, SOUTH DAKOTA ALTERNATE FORMATIVE WRITING ASSESSMENT
CONTENT/IDEAS What at is is my me mess ssage? Is Is my y message c cle lear? r? Did I id I try har ard t d to mak make it i intere resting? Do o I I ha have enou ough i inform ormation? Graphic O Organizers: s: e.g .g., ., KWL ch L chart, , E-Char art, Fac act an and O Opinion Resou source: http: p://www.edina.k12.mn.us/con oncor ord/teacherl rlinks/si sixtra raits/ s/ideascon ontent.htm 16
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INFORMATION/ORGANIZATION How do w does m s my pape paper b begin in? Did I id I tell t thin ings in in orde der? Doe oes e everyt ything li link t to o my m messag sage? How do w does m s my pape paper e end? d? Transitions 3 2 20
GRAMMAR/MECHANICS Did I leave s spaces b s between w words? s? Did I I use se a a ti titl tle? Did id I I use p e per erio iods or ques estio ion m mar arks ks? Did I use se capita tal l lett tters i in the the ri right p pla lace ces? Is i s it t easy sy t to o read m my sp spelling? Cou ould anothe ther p perso son r read my pa pape per? Includes the c e correct u use e of spel elling, s spac acing, an and s subj bjec ect/verb ag agree eement 21
EDITING CHECKLIST (EMBEDDING SELF-DETERMINATION SKILLS) _________ My name is on my paper. _________ My name is spelled correctly. _________ I put capital letters in my paper. _________ I have periods, question marks, or exclamation points at the end of my sentences. _________ My paper has a title. 22
SENTENCE FLUENCY Did id I I use s sentences? Do Do my sent ntences be begin in in dif different way ays? Did I id I use se so some me l long an and d so some me sh short sentences? Does m my pape paper so sound smo d smooth as as I list isten t to it it? Addres esses es s senten ence f flow and rhythm m within t the studen ent’s ’s w writing 23
WORD CHOICE/CLARITY Have I I use sed so d some me w words t that at I re I really y love ve ? Can m my y re reader t tell ll w wha hat my w words ds me mean an? Have I I use sed an d any NEW words ds? Did I id I try not to repe peat w words t too man many t time imes? Foc ocuses on on the wor ords s selected b by y the student nouns verbs modifiers Did I use any unique words Did I choose good descriptive words? Interesting Words 24
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VOICE Do I o I re reall lly li like this is pape paper? Does t this wr is writ iting so sound l d lik ike me me? How do w do I wan ant my reade aders t to feel? l? My favorite par part is is ____. ____. Deal als wit with wr writ iting t to your au audie dience, t the use se of tone, an and d wr writing wit with pe perso sonality an and d energy. Voice Lesson Ideas 26
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EXPECTATIONS FOR STUDENTS WITH SIGNIFICANT INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES Alternate A Achievement S Standards • Breadth and Depth You ou ma may y need t to o think ou outside the b box to o com ome up with s strategies that will a allow students to p parti tici cipa pate in t the steps ps Assistive technology Graphic organizers Use pre-typed words, photos, or symbols. Writing c cons nsist simply o of Generating ideas Creating a permanent product Co Cons nsider how w you mi migh ght mak ake ac e activities more c e concrete an and n nar arrow w Provide limited response options or templates Add symbols or photos Remember that as mastery occurs, students may be able to participate in more of the steps 28
SAMPLE MAPPING ACTIVITY STUDENT CAN: USE COMPLETE SENTENCES GENERATE WORDS SELECT WORD FROM AN ARRAY SELECT PICTURE TO REPRESENT AN IDEA Ice No school Summer brings cream ____ days. hot free snowy Summer I like to go on vacation with my Sleeping family late fishing 29
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