SOCM Introduction to Pathophysiology PFN: SOMCML1J Hours: 2.0 Last updated: 13 November 2015 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 1 Terminal Learning Objective Action: Communicate knowledge of “PHP – Introduction to Pathophysiology” Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 2 Reference Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (4th edition; 2011; Gould; Dyer) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 3 1
Reason As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be responsible for identifying and managing various pathological conditions and disorders. An understanding of pathophysiology will assist in the correlation of disease processes, affected anatomy and physiology, as well as appropriate treatments. JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 4 Agenda Define the key terms related to pathophysiology Communicate the role of pathophysiology in health and disease Define the study of pathophysiology Communicate the importance of a patient’s medical history JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 5 Agenda Identify new developments in pathophysiology Define terminology used throughout pathophysiology Define terms used for common cellular adaptations Communicate the common causes of cell damage and necrosis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 6 2
Key Terms Related to Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 7 Vocabulary Development Anaerobic – metabolism and function without oxygen Apoptosis – normal programmed cell death in tissues Autopsy – an examination of part or all of a body, including organs, after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of illness and death Biopsy – the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 8 Vocabulary Development Endogenous – originating from within the body Exogenous – originating from outside the body Gangrene – necrotic tissue infected by bacteria Infection – a disease caused by microorganism Homeostasis – a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 9 3
Vocabulary Development Hypoxia – a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues Iatrogenic – caused by a treatment, procedure, or error Idiopathic – no known cause Inflammation – the response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain Ischemia – decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue Lysis – destruction of a cell JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 10 Vocabulary Development Lysosomal – pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme Microorganisms – very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single‐celled Microscopic – visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope Morphologic – the physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs Probability – the likelihood or chance of occurrence JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 11 The Role of Pathophysiology in Health and Disease JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 12 4
Role of Pathophysiology Pathophysiology vs. Pathology Physiologic study vs. laboratory study Great deal of overlap Disease is deviation from homeostasis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 13 Applied Pathophysiology Seven Steps to Health 1. Don’t smoke 2. Eat healthy and limit alcohol 3. Be physically active daily 4. Protect yourself from the sun 5. Follow cancer screening guidelines 6. Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any changes in health 7. Follow health/safety instructions at home/work with HazMat JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 14 The Study of Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 15 5
Study of Pathophysiology Building Blocks of Pathophysiology Signs related to the specific site of damage Signs related to the pathologic process JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 16 Study of Pathophysiology Prevention of disease is becoming the primary focus in health care Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 17 Study of Pathophysiology Health Research (three‐stage process) First stage – “basic science” • laboratory • often uses animals and/or cell cultures Second stage – safe for humans? Third stage – clinical trials • large number of patients • single‐blind vs. double‐blind JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 18 6
The Importance of a Patient’s Medical History JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 19 Medical History S igns/ S ymptoms A llergies M edications P ast pertinent history L ast oral intake E vents leading up to the illness JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 20 Medical History Patient’s medical/health history may determine treatment What impact will treatment have on patient’s condition How a patient’s illness might complicate care JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 21 7
New Developments in Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 22 New Developments Extensive research/development continue in efforts to prevent, control, and cure IDDM – insulin sensor/infuser implantation Cervical cancer – vaccine against HPV JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 23 New Developments Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has nearly 200 types, most are asymptomatic JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 24 8
New Developments Data collected by WHO, CDC, PHS, etc. Awareness reports Seems overwhelming but critical Organizations provide broad range of information Weight management Pertussis vaccination Identifying rabies Latest resistant strands of microorganisms JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 25 Terminology used Throughout Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 26 Language of Pathophysiology Gross Level vs. Microscopic Level Gross – organ and system level Microscopic – cellular level Biopsy – excision of living tissue Autopsy – examination after death JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 27 9
Language of Pathophysiology Determining Management Diagnosis – identification of a specific disease Etiology – cause of a specific disease Idiopathic – cause of disease is unknown Iatrogenic – disease caused by treatment, procedure, or error Predisposing factors – tendencies towards a particular disease in an individual JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 28 Language of Pathophysiology Preventive measure based on accurate research Vaccinations Proper diet/lifestyle Cessation of harmful behavior Removal of harmful materials JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 29 Language of Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 30 10
Language of Pathophysiology Pathogenesis – development of a disease Onset – acute(sudden) or insidious(chronic) Different possible stages of disease • subclinical state ‐ undetectable • latent stage – dormant • incubation period ‐ from exposure to signs/symptoms • prodromal period – nonspecific signs of an illness • manifestation – clinical evidence or effects JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 31 Language of Pathophysiology Signs – objective evidence of disease Symptoms – subjective sensations JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 32 Language of Pathophysiology Disease Progression Remission – manifestations subside Exacerbation – increase in severity Precipitating factors – triggers acute episode Sequelae – potential unwanted outcomes of a condition Therapy – treatment measures to promote recovery or slow progression JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 33 11
Language of Pathophysiology Convalescence – rehabilitation/recovery Complications – an additional problem arising after the original disease begins JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 34 Language of Pathophysiology Outcomes Prognosis – probability for recovery/outcome Morbidity – disease rate of a group Mortality – death rate of a disease Epidemiology – science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 35 Language of Pathophysiology Occurrence of Disease Epidemic – higher than normal disease rate in a given area Pandemic – higher than normal disease rate in multiple areas Incidence – number of new cases Prevalence – number of existing cases JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 36 12
Language of Pathophysiology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 37 Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 38 Cellular Adaptation Atrophy – decrease in the size of cells Hypertrophy – increase in the size of cells Hyperplasia – increase in the number of cells Metaplasia – replacement of one mature cell type by another Dysplasia – cells vary in size and shape JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 39 13
Cellular Adaptation Neoplasm – new growth (abnormal cells) Benign – typically surrounded by fibrous sheath preventing metastasis Malignant (cancer) – uninhibited abnormal cell growth Anaplasia – undifferentiated cells (implies advanced malignancy and metastasis) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 40 Cellular Adaptation JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 41 The Common Causes of Cell Damage and Necrosis JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 42 14
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