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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar UP CMC Department of Communication Research 2 3 Incompetent and unaware? In the field of psychology, this is

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Incompetent and unaware?

In the field of psychology, this is called the Dunning-Kruger effect, a cognitive bias or a “mistake in reasoning” wherein people misjudge the level of their knowledge or skills. The Macmillan Dictionary defines it as “the phenomenon by which an incompetent person is too incompetent to understand his own competence.” More competent people, on the other hand, acknowledge their limitations and might play down their expertise.

http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/642544/phl-among-most-ignorant-countries-but-also-among-most-confident-survey/story/

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion

Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD

Department of Communication Research College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines Diliman

ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar

Outline

  • 1. Research Process
  • 2. Research Problem and Objectives + Study Framework
  • 3. Operationalization
  • 4. Measurement
  • 5. Summary and Moving Forward

The Research Process

Part 1

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Topic Review of Related Literature Conceptualization

Research Process

Findings Recom. Theories Methods RPO Study Framework Results Methodology Analysis Theoretical Interpretation Methodological Practical Implications & Recommendations Implementation Topic Review of Related Literature Conceptualization

Research Process

Findings Recom. Theories Methods

  • What is known
  • What is unknown
  • How does my research

address the gap between the known and the unknown?

Topic Review of Related Literature Conceptualization

Research Process

Findings Recom. Theories Methods RPO Study Framework

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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RPO & Study Framework

CASE:

Using a new mobile app for course registration

Part 2

Research Problem & Objectives

Research Question Objectives 1. 2. 3.

Using a new mobile app for course registration Technology adoption model

(Davis, 1989)

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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RPO

Research Question Objectives

  • 1. To identify the demographics, technographics, and psychographics of UP

students

  • 2. To determine how UP students perceive the ease-of-use and usefulness of the

new mobile app in registering for classes

  • 3. To determine their attitude towards and intent to use the new app
  • 4. To determine the relationship among perceived ease-of use, perceived

usefulness, and attitude towards, as well as intent to use, the new app What factors determine the use of the new mobile registration app among UP students?

Research objectives

  • Focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials)
  • Prevent the collection of data not strictly necessary for

understanding and solving the problem identified

  • Organize the study in clearly defined parts and phases

Form: Whereas the Research Problem is stated in interrogative form, the Research Objectives are stated in declarative form.

Questions to ask

S Specific Are the objectives stated clearly? M Measurable Can the stated objectives measure what they claim? A Achievable Can they actually achieve what was originally intended? R Realistic Are the objectives be achieved given resources and constraints? T Time-bound What is the time frame of the research?

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Checklist

  • Check that the objectives align with
  • The paradigm
  • The problem
  • Include all key variables or factors in stating objectives
  • Ensure that objectives are substantive or thematic, not

procedural Refer to http://cc.oulu.fi/~smac/TRW/commonverb_handout.htm for examples

Theory of Reasoned Action

A study on the determinants

  • f cyberbullying among

senior high school students

Research Question Objectives 1. 2. 3.

Topic Review of Related Literature Conceptualization

Research Process

Findings Recom. Theories Methods RPO Study Framework Methodology

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Operationalization

CASE:

Using a new mobile app for course registration

Part 3

Study Framework

  • THEORETICAL
  • Individual > Integrated
  • CONCEPTUAL
  • OPERATIONAL
  • ANALYTICAL

Application

What factors determine the use of the new mobile registration app among UP students?

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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THEORETICAL LEVEL: PER THEORY

  • Identify communication theory/ies which best inform/s your research

problem/ question

  • Explain, in bullet points, the links between your RP/Q and your theory

in terms of:

  • Their shared central arguments
  • The similarities in their key concepts
  • Their points of divergence
  • The limitations of the theory in terms of the scope of your RP/Q
  • Use one slide for each theory

Theory (example)

  • Key theory: Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989)
  • My research and TAM attempt to predict system use (in my case, social

media) in terms of attributes of use as perceived by users (conceptualized as usefulness and ease of use)

  • TAM predicts a linear flow of use from perceptions, attitude,

behavioral intention to actual system use. I also argue such a sequential series holds true for affordances of social media

  • TAM focuses on technology itself, but my research looks at

affordances, which are an attribute of technology rather than the technology itself

  • My research includes affordances, a concept which is not covered by
  • TAM. For this part of my research, I’ll use Gibson’s Theory of

Affordances

Figure 1. Technology adoption model

(Davis, 1989)

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Figure 2. Affordances

Affordances

Perceived usefulness Perceived ease-of-use

THEORETICAL LEVEL: integrated

  • Explain how the theories connect to each other
  • Use models/typologies where useful

Figure 3. Integrated Theoretical Model

Affordances

Perceived Usefulness Perceived Ease-of-Use External Variables Attitude Behavioral Intent Actual System Use

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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CONCEPTUAL LEVEL

  • Translate the concepts and relationships of your

chosen/integrated theory into the CONSTRUCTS and relationships in your study

  • Explain the validity of such translation

Figure 4. Conceptual Model

Affordances

Perceived Usefulness towards the App Perceived Ease-

  • f-Use towards

the App Demographics Psychographics Technographics Attitude towards the App Intent to use the App Actual use of the App

OPERATIONAL LEVEL

  • Explain the MEASURES for each of the constructs/variables in the

conceptual level

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Figure 5. Operational Model

Affordances

PEOU Downloading Navigating… PU Performance Expectancy… Demographics Sex, Age, Income Attitude Strength Accessibility Intent Timing Actual Use

Analytical framework

  • Explain the RELATIONSHIPS between the constructs/variables in

the conceptual level

Hypotheses

(For quantitative studies) Using your analytical framework, state your numbered hypotheses: Examples:

  • H1a: Socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, and

educational attainment significantly determine perceived usefulness of social media affordances.

  • H1b: Socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, and

educational attainment significantly determine perceived ease-of-use of social media afforandances.

Affordances

H1a H3b H1b H3a H2 H3c H4 H5

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Measurement

Part 4

Levels of Objectives

Level Example Descriptive To determine the level of exposure of college students in Metro Manila to television Relational To determine if there is a relationship between television exposure and level of knowledge of college students in Metro Manila about government development programs Causal To determine the effect of television exposure of college students in Metro Manila on their level of knowledge about government development programs

Measurement Ratio Interval Ordinal Nominal Categorical Numerical

The higher the level of measurement, the more number of analysis methods, the higher the level of analysis

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Types of measures

  • Nominal (name) – classificatory or categorical; should be exclusive

(each element will only go to one category), exhaustive (not one element excluded), and equivalent (not one item is bigger than the other).

  • Ordinal (order) – categories can now be ranked along some

dimension but one cannot tell how much more or less.

  • Interval – there is known distance.
  • Ratio – there is an absolute zero, variable is not present at all.

Examples

Variable Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Demographics

  • Marital Status
  • Age
  • Education

Technographics

  • ?

PEOU

  • Downloading
  • Navigating

Measurement

  • Reliability  the dependability of the measure; the extent to which

the measure gives the same result each time the same thing is measured

  • Validity  the extent to which a measure indicates what it intends to

measure

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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http://funnytab.net/exam-answers/Find_X

http://theway.azmza.com/p/pnet/viewer.aspx?mid=lw64b3069VyobmN9RfaI4pfr&gid=4

Summary & Moving Forward

Part 5

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Checklist

Concepts Sections Contents

  • External variables
  • Perceived usefulness
  • Perceived ease of use
  • Attitude
  • Behavioral intention
  • Actual system use

Introduction and RPO Significance: Baseline data historical context, anecdotes, quotes Review of Related Literature Findings, implications, recommendations from previous research Framework Theories Methodology Methods, units of analysis, measures Results and Discussion Analysis and interpretation

  • f findings

Implications and Recommendations Theoretical, methodological, practical

Topic Review of Related Literature Conceptualization

Research Process

Findings Recom. Theories Methods RPO Study Framework Methodology Results Analysis Interpretation Implementation Topic Review of Related Literature Conceptualization

Research Process

Findings Recom. Theories Methods RPO Study Framework Methodology Results Analysis Interpretation Theoretical Methodological Practical Implications & Recommendations Implementation

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Intro Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL RP Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R C&R C&R Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R C&R C&R

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R1 C&R2 C&R3 F1 F2 F3 Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R1 C&R2 C&R3 F1 F2 F3 F1 / F2 / F3 Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R1 C&R2 C&R3 F1 F2 F3 F1 / F2 / F3 S1 S2 S3

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Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD UP CMC Department of Communication Research

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Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R1 C&R2 C&R3 F1 F2 F3 F1 / F2 / F3 S1 S2 S3 CONCLUSION Intro Obj 2 Study FW Obj 1 Obj 3 RP Methodology S&C I&R Analysis Discussion RRL C&R1 C&R2 C&R3 F1 F2 F3 F1 / F2 / F3 S1 S2 S3 CONCLUSION Theoretical, Methodological, and Practical

Organizing Chapters and Ensuring Thought Cohesion

Associate Professor Fernando Paragas, PhD

fcparagas@up.edu.ph

ERDT Thesis/Dissertation Writing Seminar

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