1 2 Cree & Inuit Territories - Quebec - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1

2

3

Cree ¡ ¡& ¡Inuit ¡ Territories ¡-­‑ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Quebec ¡

4

NUNAVIK

• Territory north of the 55th parallel in Quebec (507,000 sq.km)
• 14 coastal communities (no reserves lands – First Nations)
• Population of 11,000 inhabitants (90% Inuit)
• More than 60% of the Inuit are less than 30 years old
• Access by plane and sealift only – no roads
• Employment: public sector, transport, mines, tourism, services, Inuit

art

• Very high cost of living (70% higher than in southern Canada)
• Inuit pay taxes
• Kuujjuaq: considered the regional capital of Nunavik Region

5

MILITARIZATION OF THE ARCTIC

World War II (1939-1945) catapulted the Canadian North and its inhabitants including the Inuit on the world scene Military Bases (U.S./Canada) in Inuit Territory (Weather Stations - Crimson Route):

• Goose Bay, Labrador
• Fort Chimo (Kuujjuaq), Arctic Quebec
• Frobisher Bay (Iqaluit), Baffin Island
• Alaska Highway (via Yukon)
• U.S. bases in Greenland and Iceland

1950s: Cold War: Construction of Radar Networks: Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line (55th parallel), Dew Line (Alaska to Greenland) Impact on the Inuit:

• Families moved closer to military bases
• Access to Jobs

Impact on Canadian and International opinion:

• Great interest (strategic) about the Canadian North
• «Discovery» of a population without services (starvation)
• Canadian sovereignty issue

6

7

CHANGES IN NUNAVIK (1945-2009)

• Collapse of the fur economy
• Militarization of the Arctic
• Governments of Canada and Quebec in Nunavik
• Improvement and access to health services
• Schools established – Residential schools
• Dogs slaughtering
• Transition from a nomadic life to permanent

communities

• New governance systems put in place

8

9

10

JAMES BAY HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT

• Nationalization of hydro electricity: Hydro-Quebec
• James Bay Project: creation of 100,000 jobs
• 1912 Legislation to extend boundaries of Quebec
• Negotiations between Inuit, Cree, Canada, Quebec
• 1975: James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement

(Inuit and Cree) - First modern treaty

• 1978: Northeastern Quebec Agreement (Naskapi)

11

12

EFFECTS OF THE JBNQA ON INUIT

• Extinction of all rights over the territory
• Disbursement of compensation funds (creation of Makivik

Corporation)

• New resource management and land regimes
• New environmental evaluation regime
• Establishment of a new governance system:

– Creation of municipalities under Quebec jurisdiction – Creation of public institutions under Quebec jurisdiction:

• 1. Kativik School Board
• 2. Kativik Regional Government
• 3. Nunavik Regional Health Board and Social Services

13

MAKIVIK CORPORATION

• Pursuant to the signing of the JBNQA
• Created in 1978 by Quebec legislation
• Administers compensation funds
• Develop economic opportunities for Inuit
• Political voice of the Inuit of Nunavik
• Promote welfare and education of Inuit
• Foster, promote the preserving of Inuit way of life
• Board of Directors elected by Inuit beneficiaries
• Present President: Pita Aatami
• Beneficiaries Equity: $290M (2008)

14

MAKIVIK CORPORATION SUBSIDIARIES AND JOINT VENTURES

• First Air and Air Inuit: 1,500 employees in North and South
• Nunavut Eastern Arctic Shipping: marine transportation
• Halutik Entreprises Inc.: delivery of oil in Kuujjuaq
• Nunavik Creations: parkas, clothing
• Nunavik Furs: tanning services
• Fisheries Division: shrimps, turbot
• Nunavik BioSciences Inc: seaweed, shrimp, medicinal plants
• Nunavik Geomatics Inc.
• Pan Arctic Inuit Logistics
• Construction Division: marine facilities and housing
• Cruise North Expeditions Inc.
• Participation in mining projects: Xstrata Raglan

15

KATIVIK SCHOOL BOARD

• MANDATE:

Special responsibilities in Language, Culture and Teacher Training From kindergarden to high school Adult education Post-secondary studies

• Annual Budget: $110M (1,000 employees)
• Reports to Quebec Department of Education

16

KATIVIK REGIONAL GOVERNMENT

• Responsible for delivery of services to Nunavik:

Public Security - Policing Employment and Training Kindergardens Economic Development Transport and Communications

• Administers more than 40 agreements with gvts
• Annual Budget: $100M
• Employees: 400 (75% are Inuit)
• Reports to Quebec Dept. of Municipal Affairs

17

NUNAVIK REGIONAL BOARD OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES

• MANDATE:

Improving health and welfare of Nunavik population and adapt the programs to the realities of the region

• Administers 2 regional hospitals
• Budget of $99.6M
• Total of 67 employees not including hospitals
• Report to the Quebec Department of Health

18

SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES IN NUNAVIK

• Life expectancy improved: 66 years old
• High Birth Rate (4 times higher than Quebec)
• HOUSING CRISIS
• Social problems (school drop out, suicide)
• Erosion of Inuktituut language
• Poverty
• Migration to major Canadian cities: new phenomena
• Priority of Inuit leaders: job creation
• Inuit acquired administrative and management

skills

• Several successes in economic development

19

MAKIVIK’S NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE

• Established in 1978
• Director: Dr. Bill Doidge (b_doidge@makivik.org)
• Objectives:

– Identify research needs and priorities of the Inuit – Develop relevant and effective program of studies – Encourage Inuit participation in scientific work – Support cooperative working relationships between Inuit

and non-Inuit researchers

– Develop a data base and expertise to inform decision-

makers, formulation of policies and assist Inuit communities

– Recipient 2007 GOLD AWARD of Canadian Environment

Awards

20

21

NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE AREAS OF STUDY

• Trace Metal Analysis in Traditional Food
• Wildlife Diseases in Terrestrial and Marine Fauna

(Trichinella, Botulism)

• Age and Movements of Animal Populations (Arctic

Char, Beluga)

• Environmental Issues: Climate change, mining
• Surveys of Major Biological Sites
• Geomatics: Mapping Surveys using GIS Technology

NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE FACILITIES AND STAFF

• Analytical Laboratory
• Pathology Laboratory
• Wet Laboratory
• Cartographic Services (offshore studies, traditional

knowledge)

• Staff:

– Marine Mammalogist – Analytical Toxicologist – Fisheries Biologist – Parasitologist – Wildlife Biologist – GIS Analyst – 3 Wildlife Technicians

22

NUNAVIK GEOMATICS INC.

• Newest subsidiary company of Makivik
• NGI: commercial operation of the Cartographic

Services Branch of Nunavik Research Centre based

• n 30 years of applying mapping and spatial

analysis

• Field of geomatics: gathering, storing, processing,

delivery of geographic information

• Disciplines: geodesy, surveying, mapping,

cartography, geographic information systems, remote sensing

• Contact: Adam Lewis (a_lewis@makivik.org)

23

• INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR
• US Fish and Wildlife: Geese
• Greenland Fisheries Institute: Walrus genetics
• Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology
• GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
• Fisheries and Oceans
• Indian and Northern Affairs
• Canadian Food Inspection Agency
• Environment Canada
• Health Canada
• Natural Resources Canada

24

• PROVINCES and TERRITORIES
• Quebec, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador
• Nunavut
• UNIVERSITIES
• Calgary: Nunavik Bibliography, Pathology
• Guelph: Fish Hatchery
• Laval: Research Field Station
• McGill: Contaminants and Country Food
• Montreal: Pathology
• Saskatchewan: Pathology
• Trent: Fish and Polar Bear
• Waterloo: Arctic Char

25

«THE NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE HAS KEPT UP WITH TECHNOLOGY BUT HAS NOT FORGOTTEN ITS ROOTS» Statement of Dr. Bill Doidge, Director of NRC, at the ceremony where it received the GOLD AWARD of the Canadian Environment Awards - 2007

26

SELF GOVERNANCE IN NUNAVIK

• 1983: Historical meeting with Premier

René Lévesque: public commitment of Quebec

• 1991: Constitution of Nunavik approved by

Inuit

• 2001: Report of the Nunavik Commission
• 2002: Negotiations (Inuit, Quebec, Canada)
• 2007: Signing of the Agreement in

Principle establishing a Nunavik Regional Government and a Nunavik representative assembly

27

28

December 5, 2007: Signing of the Agreement in Principle for the establishment of the Nunavik Regional Government in the QUEBEC NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Joint Press Release: AN UNPRECEDENTED STEP HAS BEEN TAKEN

29

Agreement in Principle – Main Elements

 Creation of the Nunavik Regional Government

(NRG) as a public institution for all Nunavik residents

• The 3 present organizations with its powers and

budgets, will be amalgamated to establish the NRG

• Other Nunavik organizations will continue to exist
• NRG will be established by legislation of the

Quebec National Assembly

30

• Respect the authority of the Parliament of Canada
• Respect the rights of Cree and Naskapi
• No changes to Land Regime
• Charters of Rights and Freedoms will apply to NRG
• Creation of a Nunavik Assembly by public vote
• Composed of 21 members
• Creation of Advisory Councils to the Assembly

31

• Creation of an Executive Council and a public administration

to include the following departments:

– Health and Social Services – Education – Local and Regional Affairs – Central Administration and Finances – Secretariat General – Treasury Secretariat

• Relations with governments, First Nations and Inuit:

– Quebec – Canada – Provinces and territories – First Nations and Inuit

32

• New funding regime and financial transfers
• Financial Transfer Agreements to include program

and service delivery standards, objectives and accountability

• Implementation and Transition (tasks, time frames,

responsibilities, costs):

– Main responsibility is with Quebec and the Inuit – Secondary impact on the federal government – Implementation Plan attached to Final Agreement  A second phase of negotiations will take place.

Objectives are to provide more powers to NRG

33

FINAL AGREEMENT

Examples of items for negotiation:

• Rules and Procedures for the first election
• Rights and Obligations of NRG as employer
• Dispute Resolution Mechanism
• Place and role of the Naskapi in NRG
• Time frame and timeline for implementation phase

34

SUBSEQUENT PHASES

• Ratification process:

– Referendum by all Nunavik residents – Government of Quebec – Government of Canada

• Amendments to James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
• Nunavik Act to be voted by Quebec National Assembly
• Tripartite Transition Committee
• 200X: Start of operations of the Nunavik Regional

Government

• 200X: 2nd phase of negotiations for more powers

35

CONCLUSIONS

• Innovative Project - part of continuity
• Reflects the VISION of the Inuit of Nunavik
• Pita Aatami, President of Makivik:

“To build a better future for Nunavik”

• Minister Benoit Pelletier (Québec):

Complementarity of relations between Québec and the Inuit

• Minister Chuck Strahl (Canada):

Inuit will take their own decisions

36

«The traditions that have governed the daily lives of Inuit are no longer suited to all the new realities of an ever changing world. Inuit are no longer the homogenous community of days gone by. Traditional methods are no longer adequate to develop the consensus that has long been the foundation of Inuit public life. We need an assembly where opposing viewpoints may be expressed and where solutions for Inuit society may be defined. But this assembly must emulate Inuit traditions as much as possible. For their part, non- Inuit must also have a place in an autonomous government». (INUIT NEGOTIATOR)

37

UNIQUE CHARACTER OF NUNAVIK

• Inuit occupied the territory for 4,000 years
• Nunavik became part of Quebec only in 1912
• Obligation of Quebec to recognize and negotiate the

rights of the Inuit occupying the territory – accepted by Quebec at transfer

• Special legal and political status of Nunavik as defined

by the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement

• JBNQA protected by Canadian Constitution
• Unique governance system for Nunavik

38

PURPOSE AND MANDATE OF THE NUNAVIK COMMISSION

• Established November 5, 1999 per the signature
• f a Political Accord between the Inuit of Nunavik,

Quebec and Canada

• OBJECTIVES:
• Develop a timetable, plan of action,

recommendations for the structure, operations, and powers of a government

• Report to serve as basis for the negotiations

39

NUNAVIK COMMISSION TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS ON:

• Design, operation, implementation of a form of gvt
• Powers, jurisdictions, responsibilities,

competencies

• Election process, representation, term of office
• Selection of Leader and elected members,

including role, powers, responsibilities of the Executive

• Identification of administrative structures, required

personnel and resources, rights and obligations of the employer

• Relationship with governments and Aboriginal

groups

40

• Financing of the government, including based

financing (block funding) and revenue sharing

• Measures to enhance culture and language
• Transitional measures, including training programs

41

OPERATIONS OF THE COMMISSION

• Timetable of the Commission to be determined
• Rules and procedures to be established
• Power to travel, hold hearings, technical

committees, community consultations, hiring of experts

• Determine budgetary needs of the Commission
• Assignment of work for drafting the report
• Commission to table its report to the 3 parties
• Report of the Commission to be made public

42

CONSULTATION AND COMMUNITY STRATEGY OF THE COMMISSION

• Public hearings in each community of Nunavik
• Hearings held in Inuktituut
• Other language requirements to be planned
• Consultation with governments’ agencies
• Consultation with Aboriginal groups
• Regular presentations at Inuit leadership meetings
• Information provided through community radio
• Information on trilingual web site of Makivik
• Establishment of a 1-800 line for consultation
• Production of video explaining work of Commission

43

POSITIVE OUTCOMES OF THE WORK OF THE NUNAVIK COMMISSION

• Public community hearings provided:
• Information about peoples’ current concerns
• Raised awareness of issues at community level
• Provided Vision of self-governance
• Raised commitment to the collective project
• Consultation with agencies/institutions/

individuals:

• Good avenue to explain self-government objectives
• Share thoughts and recommendations

44

POSITIVES OUTCOMES OF THE WORK OF A COMMISSION

• Commission’s Report: excellent inspiration
• f the type of public government Nunavik

people wished to have

• Expedited greatly the formal process of self-

government negotiations

• Recommendations of the Commission

inspired and influenced the negotiations

45

MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE NUNAVIK

COMMISSION’S REPORT Tabled April 2001: 19 main recommendations and 180 sub-recommendations in 5 areas:

• 1. The Institutions
• 2. Public Finances
• 3. Fundamental Social Issues
• 4. Relationship with other Governments
• 5. Steps Towards the Nunavik Government

46

47

48

Johnny N. Adams (Inuit Leader)

(National Order of Quebec) «This INUKSHUK will guide our

relations, and will recall on a daily basis, that the road to follow is

• ne of dialogue and respect. It is

a symbol of cooperation, fraternity, and partnership between our nations» 49

50

Inuit of Canada Suggested Web Sites to Visit

• WWW.ITK.CA Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) is the national Inuit
• rganization in Canada representing the four Inuit regions -

Nunatsiavut (Labrador), Nunavik (Northern Quebec), Nunavut and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories. This web site provides information on the activities of the various departments

• f ITK: Communications, Environment, Health, Socio-Economic

Development.

• WWW.NUNATSIAVUT

.COM This site provides information on the various departments of the Nunatsiavut Government and on the Nunatsiavut Assembly. The establishment of this government is pursuant to the signing of the land claim agreement of the Inuit of Labrador by the Labrador Inuit Association.

• WWW.GOV.NU.CA Web site of the Government of Nunavut. Provides

information facts about Nunavut, Legislative Assembly, on Nunavut legislation, government policies, public documents, organizations, and on departments and crown agencies of the government.

51

• WWW.INUVIALUIT

.COM Pursuant to the signing on June 5, 1984 of the Inuvialuit (Western Arctic) Final Agreement, the Inuvialuit Corporate Group was established and is composed of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation and its subsidiaries corporations active in various areas including land, petroleum and investment.

• WWW.MAKIVIK.ORG Makivik Corporation was established

pursuant to the signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975. Makivik represents the Inuit of Nunavik (Northern Quebec). The web site provides information on the mandate of Makivik, projects, activities and its annual report.

• WWW.NUNAVIKGOVERNMENT

.CA Interactive trilingual (Inuktituut, French, English) web site created by Makivik. Information on the Nunavik Regional Government Project, the state of the negotiations between the Inuit of Nunavik. Quebec and Canada. Approximately 1,000 people visit this site every

• week. Abundant source of information; highly recommended.

52

NOTE: Presently in Nunavik, there are three public institutions

providing programs and services to all its residents. These institutions will be amalgamated to establish the new Nunavik Regional Government. WWW.KRG.CA This web site provides information on the mandate of the Kativik Regional Government and on programs and services delivered to the residents of Nunavik; access to its annual report. WWW.KATIVIK.CA Information on the mandate, organization and programs of the Kativik School Board which has responsiblity for schooling in Nunavik, Inuit teacher training, language and culture. WWW.RRSS17.GOUV.QC.CA Information on the mandate and network of services provided by the Nunavik Regional Health Board and Social Services.

• WWW.NUNAVIK.CA Nunavik Portal.
• WWW.INUITCIRCUMPOLAR.COM Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) is

the international organization representing approximately 160,000 Inuit living in the Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Chukotka, Russia. The ICC is involved in Arctic Policy Development, Traditional Knowledge, Environmental Activities, Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy.

• WWW.ABORIGINALCANADA.GC.CA Aboriginal Canada Portal is a

single Internet gateway to cover 7,500 links for and about Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Contains over 15,000 pages of information about business, employment, economic development, culture, communities, education, organizations, claims and treaties, health,

• housing. It connects to more than 25 national Aboriginal
• rganizations, Government of Canada departments and agencies,

provincial and territorial governments, Aboriginal communities, national and regional associations, university and college Aboriginal Studies programs, key Aboriginal Urban programs and a variety of international resources.

54

HOME RULE GOVERNMENT OF GREENLAND

WWW.GREENLAND HOME RULE. The legislative basis for the Home Rule Administration is Act no. 56 passed by the Danish Government on February 21, 1979, and came into force on May 1, 1979, following a referendum in Greenland. Home Rule Administration (part of the Kingdom of Denmark) consists of representatives elected in Greenland constituting the Greenland (public) government, and of an administrative section.

55

SAMI PARLIAMENTS

• Sami consider themselves Indigenous peoples (75,000)
• Livelihoods: reindeer herding, trapping, fishing, tourism
• Sami Parliaments: Finland (1973), Norway (1989), Sweden

(1993)

• Parliaments established by Acts of their respectives states
• Sami Parliaments have only advisory status, but play central

political role to Sami political issues

• Most important issues of Sami relate to resource management

and ownership of the land

• Exchanges between Sami of Sweden with Aboriginal peoples

from Prince Albert (Sask), Nunavut and Nunavik

56