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Cree ¡ ¡& ¡Inuit ¡ Territories ¡-‑ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Quebec ¡ 3
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NUNAVIK • Territory north of the 55th parallel in Quebec (507,000 sq.km) • 14 coastal communities (no reserves lands – First Nations) • Population of 11,000 inhabitants (90% Inuit) • More than 60% of the Inuit are less than 30 years old • Access by plane and sealift only – no roads • Employment: public sector, transport, mines, tourism, services, Inuit art • Very high cost of living (70% higher than in southern Canada) • Inuit pay taxes • Kuujjuaq: considered the regional capital of Nunavik Region 5
MILITARIZATION OF THE ARCTIC World War II (1939-1945) catapulted the Canadian North and its inhabitants including the Inuit on the world scene Military Bases (U.S./Canada) in Inuit Territory (Weather Stations - Crimson Route): - Goose Bay, Labrador - Fort Chimo (Kuujjuaq), Arctic Quebec - Frobisher Bay (Iqaluit), Baffin Island - Alaska Highway (via Yukon) - U.S. bases in Greenland and Iceland 1950s: Cold War: Construction of Radar Networks: Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line (55th parallel), Dew Line (Alaska to Greenland) Impact on the Inuit: - Families moved closer to military bases - Access to Jobs Impact on Canadian and International opinion: - Great interest (strategic) about the Canadian North - «Discovery» of a population without services (starvation) - Canadian sovereignty issue 6
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CHANGES IN NUNAVIK (1945-2009) • Collapse of the fur economy • Militarization of the Arctic • Governments of Canada and Quebec in Nunavik • Improvement and access to health services • Schools established – Residential schools • Dogs slaughtering • Transition from a nomadic life to permanent communities • New governance systems put in place 8
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JAMES BAY HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT Nationalization of hydro electricity: Hydro-Quebec • • James Bay Project: creation of 100,000 jobs • 1912 Legislation to extend boundaries of Quebec • Negotiations between Inuit, Cree, Canada, Quebec • 1975: James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (Inuit and Cree) - First modern treaty • 1978: Northeastern Quebec Agreement (Naskapi) 11
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EFFECTS OF THE JBNQA ON INUIT • Extinction of all rights over the territory • Disbursement of compensation funds (creation of Makivik Corporation) • New resource management and land regimes • New environmental evaluation regime • Establishment of a new governance system: – Creation of municipalities under Quebec jurisdiction – Creation of public institutions under Quebec jurisdiction: 1. Kativik School Board 2. Kativik Regional Government 3. Nunavik Regional Health Board and Social Services 13
MAKIVIK CORPORATION • Pursuant to the signing of the JBNQA • Created in 1978 by Quebec legislation • Administers compensation funds • Develop economic opportunities for Inuit • Political voice of the Inuit of Nunavik • Promote welfare and education of Inuit • Foster, promote the preserving of Inuit way of life • Board of Directors elected by Inuit beneficiaries • Present President: Pita Aatami • Beneficiaries Equity: $290M (2008) 14
MAKIVIK CORPORATION SUBSIDIARIES AND JOINT VENTURES • First Air and Air Inuit: 1,500 employees in North and South • Nunavut Eastern Arctic Shipping: marine transportation • Halutik Entreprises Inc.: delivery of oil in Kuujjuaq • Nunavik Creations: parkas, clothing • Nunavik Furs: tanning services • Fisheries Division: shrimps, turbot • Nunavik BioSciences Inc: seaweed, shrimp, medicinal plants • Nunavik Geomatics Inc. • Pan Arctic Inuit Logistics • Construction Division: marine facilities and housing • Cruise North Expeditions Inc. • Participation in mining projects: Xstrata Raglan 15
KATIVIK SCHOOL BOARD • MANDATE: Special responsibilities in Language, Culture and Teacher Training From kindergarden to high school Adult education Post-secondary studies • Annual Budget: $110M (1,000 employees) • Reports to Quebec Department of Education 16
KATIVIK REGIONAL GOVERNMENT • Responsible for delivery of services to Nunavik: Public Security - Policing Employment and Training Kindergardens Economic Development Transport and Communications • Administers more than 40 agreements with gvts • Annual Budget: $100M • Employees: 400 (75% are Inuit) • Reports to Quebec Dept. of Municipal Affairs 17
NUNAVIK REGIONAL BOARD OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES • MANDATE: Improving health and welfare of Nunavik population and adapt the programs to the realities of the region • Administers 2 regional hospitals • Budget of $99.6M • Total of 67 employees not including hospitals • Report to the Quebec Department of Health 18
SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES IN NUNAVIK • Life expectancy improved: 66 years old • High Birth Rate (4 times higher than Quebec) • HOUSING CRISIS • Social problems (school drop out, suicide) • Erosion of Inuktituut language • Poverty • Migration to major Canadian cities: new phenomena • Priority of Inuit leaders: job creation • Inuit acquired administrative and management skills • Several successes in economic development 19
MAKIVIK’S NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE • Established in 1978 • Director: Dr. Bill Doidge (b_doidge@makivik.org) • Objectives: – Identify research needs and priorities of the Inuit – Develop relevant and effective program of studies – Encourage Inuit participation in scientific work – Support cooperative working relationships between Inuit and non-Inuit researchers – Develop a data base and expertise to inform decision- makers, formulation of policies and assist Inuit communities – Recipient 2007 GOLD AWARD of Canadian Environment Awards 20
NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE AREAS OF STUDY - Trace Metal Analysis in Traditional Food - Wildlife Diseases in Terrestrial and Marine Fauna (Trichinella, Botulism) - Age and Movements of Animal Populations (Arctic Char, Beluga) - Environmental Issues: Climate change, mining - Surveys of Major Biological Sites - Geomatics : Mapping Surveys using GIS Technology 21
NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE FACILITIES AND STAFF • Analytical Laboratory • Pathology Laboratory • Wet Laboratory • Cartographic Services (offshore studies, traditional knowledge) • Staff: – Marine Mammalogist – Analytical Toxicologist – Fisheries Biologist – Parasitologist – Wildlife Biologist – GIS Analyst – 3 Wildlife Technicians 22
NUNAVIK GEOMATICS INC. • Newest subsidiary company of Makivik • NGI: commercial operation of the Cartographic Services Branch of Nunavik Research Centre based on 30 years of applying mapping and spatial analysis • Field of geomatics: gathering, storing, processing, delivery of geographic information • Disciplines: geodesy, surveying, mapping, cartography, geographic information systems, remote sensing • Contact: Adam Lewis (a_lewis@makivik.org) 23
• INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR • US Fish and Wildlife: Geese • Greenland Fisheries Institute: Walrus genetics • Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology • GOVERNMENT OF CANADA • Fisheries and Oceans • Indian and Northern Affairs • Canadian Food Inspection Agency • Environment Canada • Health Canada • Natural Resources Canada 24
• PROVINCES and TERRITORIES • Quebec, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador • Nunavut • UNIVERSITIES • Calgary: Nunavik Bibliography, Pathology • Guelph: Fish Hatchery • Laval: Research Field Station • McGill: Contaminants and Country Food • Montreal: Pathology • Saskatchewan: Pathology • Trent: Fish and Polar Bear • Waterloo: Arctic Char 25
«THE NUNAVIK RESEARCH CENTRE HAS KEPT UP WITH TECHNOLOGY BUT HAS NOT FORGOTTEN ITS ROOTS» Statement of Dr. Bill Doidge, Director of NRC, at the ceremony where it received the GOLD AWARD of the Canadian Environment Awards - 2007 26
SELF GOVERNANCE IN NUNAVIK • 1983: Historical meeting with Premier René Lévesque: public commitment of Quebec • 1991: Constitution of Nunavik approved by Inuit • 2001: Report of the Nunavik Commission • 2002: Negotiations (Inuit, Quebec, Canada) • 2007: Signing of the Agreement in Principle establishing a Nunavik Regional Government and a Nunavik representative assembly 27
December 5, 2007: Signing of the Agreement in Principle for the establishment of the Nunavik Regional Government in the QUEBEC NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Joint Press Release: AN UNPRECEDENTED STEP HAS BEEN TAKEN 28
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Agreement in Principle – Main Elements Creation of the Nunavik Regional Government (NRG) as a public institution for all Nunavik residents • The 3 present organizations with its powers and budgets, will be amalgamated to establish the NRG • Other Nunavik organizations will continue to exist • NRG will be established by legislation of the Quebec National Assembly 30
• Respect the authority of the Parliament of Canada • Respect the rights of Cree and Naskapi • No changes to Land Regime • Charters of Rights and Freedoms will apply to NRG • Creation of a Nunavik Assembly by public vote • Composed of 21 members • Creation of Advisory Councils to the Assembly 31
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