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Lecture18:Mothering/Parenting Lecture18:Mothering/Parenting FieldStudiesofBreastfeeding FieldStudiesofBreastfeeding FieldStudiesofLactation FieldStudiesofLactation Neoteny


  1. Lecture�18:��Mothering/Parenting Lecture�18:��Mothering/Parenting Field�Studies�of�Breastfeeding Field�Studies�of�Breastfeeding • Field�Studies�of�Lactation • Field�Studies�of�Lactation • Neoteny • Neoteny • • Mother Mother� �Infant�Bonding Infant�Bonding • • The�Role�of� The�Role�of�Oxytocin Oxytocin • Differential�Maternal� • Differential�Maternal� Investment Investment • Neglect Neglect • • • Postpartum�Depression Postpartum�Depression • Fathering • Fathering • Ethnopediatrics • Ethnopediatrics • • Crying Crying • • Infant�Holding Infant�Holding • • Parent Parent� �Infant�Co Infant�Co� �sleeping sleeping Behavioral�Biology�of�Women,�2007 Months 1 1

  2. Lactation�in�the�!Kung Lactation�in�the�!Kung Lactation�in�the�!Kung Lactation�in�the�!Kung • Long�interbirth�intervals� • Long�interbirth�intervals� • Lower�estradiol�and� Lower�estradiol�and� • � 44.1� 44.1�mths mths � progesterone�in�nursing� progesterone�in�nursing� mothers mothers • Patterning�of�lactation • Patterning�of�lactation • 4.06�bouts/hour 4.06�bouts/hour • • • 7.83min/hour 7.83min/hour • • 1.92�min/bout 1.92�min/bout • • As�child�gets�older� As�child�gets�older�— — increase�in�length� increase�in�length� ������� ������� bouts bouts Lactation�in�the�!Kung Lactation�in�the�!Kung Lactation�in�the�!Kung Lactation�in�the�!Kung • Lower�estradiol�and� Lower�estradiol�and� • Lower�estradiol�and� Lower�estradiol�and� • • progesterone�in�nursing� progesterone�in�nursing� progesterone�in�nursing� progesterone�in�nursing� mothers mothers mothers mothers • Correlated�with�age�of� • Correlated�with�age�of� • • Correlated�with�age�of� Correlated�with�age�of� infant�and�mean�time� infant�and�mean�time� infant�and�mean�time� infant�and�mean�time� between�nursing�bouts between�nursing�bouts between�nursing�bouts between�nursing�bouts • • Suggested�inter Suggested�inter� �bout� bout� interval�key�variable�in� interval�key�variable�in� lactation�subfecundity subfecundity lactation� (Konner�&�Worthman) Prolactin�&�Nursing�Bout�Length Prolactin�&�Nursing�Bout�Length Prolactin,�#�Nursing�Bouts,�&�Time Prolactin,�#�Nursing�Bouts,�&�Time Nursing� Bout ��������������������������������� Prolactin 2 2

  3. Edinburgh�Study�of�Breastfeeding Edinburgh�Study�of�Breastfeeding Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study • Studied�27�breastfeeding� • Studied�27�breastfeeding� and�10�bottle�feeding� and�10�bottle�feeding� mothers mothers • Lactation/supplementation� • Lactation/supplementation� diaries diaries • Measured�urinary� • Measured�urinary� hormones hormones • Measure�prolactin�in�blood • Measure�prolactin�in�blood ������������������ Supplementation�&�Ovarian�Function Supplementation�&�Ovarian�Function Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study Resumption�of�Ovarian�Function Resumption�of�Ovarian�Function • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women 3 3

  4. Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� • • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women • Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� • Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� • • Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� lactation�was�phased�out lactation�was�phased�out lactation�was�phased�out lactation�was�phased�out • • Rapid�resumption�of�ovarian�function�in�bottle� Rapid�resumption�of�ovarian�function�in�bottle� feeders;�gradual�resumption�in�breast�feeders feeders;�gradual�resumption�in�breast�feeders Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study Edinburgh�Study • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� • • Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� Lactating�women�resumed�ovarian�function�later� postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women postpartum�than�did�bottle�feeding�women • Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� • Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� • • Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� Frequency�of�ovulation�increased�with�time�as� lactation�was�phased�out lactation�was�phased�out lactation�was�phased�out lactation�was�phased�out • Rapid�resumption�of�ovarian�function�in�bottle� • Rapid�resumption�of�ovarian�function�in�bottle� • • Rapid�resumption�of�ovarian�function�in�bottle� Rapid�resumption�of�ovarian�function�in�bottle� feeders;�gradual�resumption�in�breast�feeders feeders;�gradual�resumption�in�breast�feeders feeders;�gradual�resumption�in�breast�feeders feeders;�gradual�resumption�in�breast�feeders • Importance�of�introduction�of�supplementary� Importance�of�introduction�of�supplementary� • Importance�of�introduction�of�supplementary� Importance�of�introduction�of�supplementary� • • foods foods foods foods • • Women�who�conceived�while�nursing�decreased� Women�who�conceived�while�nursing�decreased� the�frequency�to�3�or�fewer�times/day. the�frequency�to�3�or�fewer�times/day. Lactation�&�Supplementation: Lactation�&�Supplementation: The�Gambia The�Gambia 4 4

  5. Supplementation�and�Breast�Milk Supplementation�and�Breast�Milk Supplementation�and�Breast�Milk Supplementation�and�Breast�Milk • Gave�130�women�supplement�increased� • • Gave130�women�supplement�increased�calories� • Gave�130�women�supplement�increased� Gave130�women�supplement�increased�calories� from�1568�to�2291�+�vitamins from�1568�to�2291�+�vitamins calories�from�1568�to�2291�+�vitamin calories�from�1568�to�2291�+�vitamin • No�effect�on�breast�milk�volume • No�effect�on�breast�milk�volume • No�effect�on�breast�milk�volume!! • No�effect�on�breast�milk�volume!! • Protein�content�slightly�increased�(6.6%) • Protein�content�slightly�increased�(6.6%) • Milk�fat�increase�(7.9%) • Milk�fat�increase�(7.9%) • Lactose�decrease�( • Lactose�decrease�(� �7.6%) 7.6%) • No�change�in�calories • No�change�in�calories • Vitamin�increase�from�supplement • Vitamin�increase�from�supplement Prolactin�&�Supplementation Prolactin�&�Supplementation Gambian�Study Gambian�Study • Supplementation�had�only�a�small�effect�on� • Supplementation�had�only�a�small�effect�on� quantity�and�quality�of�breast�milk quantity�and�quality�of�breast�milk • Supplementation�had�a�dramatic�effect�on� • Supplementation�had�a�dramatic�effect�on� prolactin�levels prolactin�levels Prolactin�& & Lactational� Lactational� Prolactin� The�Toba:��Positive�Energy�Balance� The�Toba:��Positive�Energy�Balance� Amenorrhea Amenorrhea and�High�Nursing�Frequency and�High�Nursing�Frequency • High�levels�of • High�levels�of prolactin� prolactin�associated�with� associated�with� reduced�ability�for�egg�to�produce estradiol� estradiol� reduced�ability�for�egg�to�produce (in�culture) (in�culture) 5 5

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