Xenon Doping of Liquid Argon Denver Whittington, Syracuse University - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Xenon Doping of Liquid Argon Denver Whittington, Syracuse University - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Xenon Doping of Liquid Argon Denver Whittington, Syracuse University DUNE Module of Opportunity Workshop Nov. 12, 2019 You Inst Logo Liquid Argon Scintillation Mechansim Excitation of short-lived argon excited molecular states. 2 Denver

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Xenon Doping of Liquid Argon

Denver Whittington, Syracuse University DUNE Module of Opportunity Workshop

  • Nov. 12, 2019
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Liquid Argon Scintillation Mechansim

  • Excitation of short-lived argon excited molecular states.

Denver Whittington | Xenon Doping of Liquid Argon 2

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Collisional energy transfer from argon excimer to xenon excimer Happens on a faster timescale than Ar triplet lifetime.

  • Triggers triplet emission to produce a faster signal
  • Converts scintillation light to 174 nm.

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Effects of Xenon Dopant

174

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Increasing shift

  • f scintillation to

174 nm with added xenon dopant.

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TU Munich 2014-2015

Effects of Xenon Dopant

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Wavelength structure

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PAB (Blanche) 2016

DUNE-style Dip-Coated Light Guides

Effects of Xenon Dopant

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PAB (Blanche) 2016

DUNE-style Dip-Coated Light Guides

Wavelength structure

Effects of Xenon Dopant

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PAB (Blanche) 2016

DUNE-style Dip-Coated Light Guides

Wavelength structure

Effects of Xenon Dopant

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  • V. Ippolito, F. Pietropaolo, H. Wang, Y. Wang, 2018

Light detected with PMTs (sensitive to different wavelengths)

Wavelength structure

Effects of Xenon Dopant

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Technology Benefits

Less expensive glasses are transparent to longer-wavelengths.

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Technology Benefits

Growing variety of direct VUV-sensitive detetctors (PMTs, SiPMs)

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Hamamatsu MPPC S13370/S13371 series

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Technology Benefits

Reduced dependence on wavelength shifters

  • Indications that TPB can dissolve into LAr

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Technology Benefits

Remove outer wavelength shifter from ARAPUCA modules

  • UV light passes directly into light-trapping volume
  • Reduced cost / construction complexity
  • Remove light exposure mitigation requirements (light filters)

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174 nm shifted light No need for outer wavelength shifter

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Signal Benefits

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Pure LAr Pure LAr

Time structure of incident photons SiPM signal structure PAB (Blanche) 2016

DUNE Double-Shift Light Guide DUNE Double-Shift Light Guide

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Signal Benefits

Timing

  • Reduced flash overlap from late-light signals
  • Maintains sub-TPC-tick leading-edge timing resolution

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~100 ppm Xe in LAr ~100 ppm Xe in LAr

Time structure of incident photons SiPM signal structure PAB (Blanche) 2016

DUNE Double-Shift Light Guide DUNE Double-Shift Light Guide

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Uniformity

  • Reduced Rayleigh scattering improves visibility near CPA

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~6 times longer Rayleigh scattering length DUNE Simulation

Signal Benefits

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Mitigation of Contamination

  • Excitation transfer faster than N2 quenching

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Signal Benefits

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Challenges

Injection

  • Inject low-concentration xenon gas directly into LAr

○ Premix GXe into GAr and heat to prevent freezing ○ Successfully operated at PAB

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Challenges

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Injection

  • Inject xenon gas to argon gas prior to condensation

○ Available and successfully operated at CERN

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Challenges

Injection

  • Inject xenon gas to argon gas prior to condensation

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Possible locations for GAr+GXe premixing

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Challenges

Maintaining

  • Indications are that Xe remains stable in solution.

○

Observed scintillation structure at Blanche 2016 consistent with losses

  • nly from LAr boil-off through monitoring devices. This was observed
  • ver the course of about 2 weeks. [DW]

○

3000 ppm solution stable over ~56 hours. [D. Rudik, LIDINE2019]

  • Currently no plans to top off a Far detector module. This

means that over time there will be LAr loss.

○ This was estimated to be ~1”/yr which would represent a 0.2% change/yr in the Xe doping fraction. [Alan Bross & Mark Adamowski, FNAL]

Monitoring

  • Residual gass analyzer {Challenging above 100 AMU}
  • Scintillation time structure

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Challenges

Cost

  • A detailed cost estimate would require an evaluation of flow

rates, piping design, etc., but that infrastructure is likely to be small compared to the cost of Xe.

  • Xenon would likely cost ~ $20k/(ppm Xe doping level)

for one Far Detector module.

  • Optimization of xenon doping level needed, but likely in the

neighborhood of ~100 ppm.

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from: Alan Bross & Mark Adamowski, FNAL

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Open Questions

What impact will the xenon have on

  • Charge yield?
  • Charge attenuation?
  • HV stability?

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Indications that total light yield increases with xenon concentration. Light yield suppressed by charge production in E field. Effects at 500 kV/cm not thoroughly explored.

Suzuki, et al. 1993

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Recent and Upcoming Investigations

ProtoDUNE-SP

  • Xenon injection planned for January 2020
  • Likely ~100 ppm concentration
  • Investigate impact on TPC and mitigation of N2 contamination
  • Test response of X-ARAPUCA to scintillation signal

CERN teststand (FLIC)

  • Small-scale combination TPC and PDS
  • Investigating mitigation of ~5ppm N2 contamination

using Xe dopant ○ Preliminary results quite promising!

  • Testing response of S-ARAPUCA and X-ARAPUCA modules

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Summary

Small concentration of xenon has several benefits for a large LAr TPC

  • Reduced ambiguity from late light,
  • Improved uniformity across drift direction
  • Potential for increased light yield and efficiency
  • Simplified photon detector design options
  • Possibility to mitigate light loss from N2 contamination

Does offer some challenges to understand

  • Injecting, maintaining, and monitoring
  • Concentration should remain stable; studies needed to confirm.
  • Monitoring is a potential challenge; more investigations are needed.
  • Cost should be reasonable for low xenon concentration.

TPC Interaction (unlikely, but should be investigated) Ongoing studies with teststands and ProtoDUNE

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