การบรรยายพิเศษ การบรรยายพิเศษ World Nutrition Forum World Nutrition Forum ประเทศออสเตรีย 7 7- -8 8 กันยายน กันยายน 2549 2549 ประเทศออสเตรีย โดย โดย รศ . . ดร . . กิจการ ศุภมาตย รศ ดร กิจการ ศุภมาตย ศูนยวิจัยสุขภาพสัตวน้ํา คณะทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ ศูนยวิจัยสุขภาพสัตวน้ํา คณะทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ
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News and Trends in News and Trends in Aquaculture Aquaculture Dr. Kidchakan Kidchakan Supamattaya Supamattaya Dr. Prince of Songkla Songkla University University Prince of Songkhla, Thailand , Thailand Songkhla E- -mail: mail: kidchakan.s@psu.ac.th kidchakan.s@psu.ac.th E
World Population and Food World Population and Food needs needs World population increase by 75 million per year 850 million people suffer from chronic hunger How will the world feed its people in 2050? (with 9 Billion population)
Can fisheries and Can fisheries and aquaculture be a solution? aquaculture be a solution? Malnutrition ?? over nutrition/under nutrition
World Fisheries and World Fisheries and Aquaculture Production Aquaculture Production Aquaculture Capture Total 160 146 mmt Presently, aquaculture shared 37% of total production 140 Production (m.m.t) and will increase to 50% in 2010 120 91 mmt 100 80 60 40 55 mmt 20 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 F Year FAO, 2005
Aquaculture is the fastest Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production growing food production sector sector 9-10 % increasing rate per year
Distribution of Aquaculture Distribution of Aquaculture production production Crustacean, 4% Aquatic plants, 21% Finfish, 52% Molluscs, 23%
unit = 1,000,000 tonnes, FAO Global production of major farmed Tilapia, 1.5, 6% Catfish, 0.5, species 2% Carps, 20, Salmon, 1.2, 5% 77% % 7 , 8 . 1 Trout, 0.5, , p m i r 2% h S FW prawn, 0.25, 1%
Top ten aquaculture producing country in 2002 China (82.15% ) 27,767 I ndia (5.51% ) Other (11.43% ) 4,550 2,192 I ndonesia, 914 USA, 497 Japan, 828 Viet Nam, 519 Bangladesh Chile, 546 Thailand, 645 787 Norway, 554 unit = 1,000 tonnes, FAO
Global consumption Global consumption • The global seafood market is estimated at US$ • The global seafood market is estimated at US$ 100 billion per year 100 billion per year • The world demand increases 3% per year • The world demand increases 3% per year • Japan is the world largest seafood market • Japan is the world largest seafood market followed by EU followed by EU • World per capita consumption, at present is 16 • World per capita consumption, at present is 16 kg, 18.4 kg in 2010 and 21 kg in 2030 kg, 18.4 kg in 2010 and 21 kg in 2030
Tsukiji, the world largest , the world largest Tsukiji seafood market, Japan seafood market, Japan
Top five consumed species Top five consumed species • Salmon • Salmon • Shrimp • Shrimp • Tilapia • Tilapia • Catfish • Catfish • Carp : (major • Carp : (major consumption is in consumption is in China and India) China and India)
I ssues in Aquaculture I ssues in Aquaculture
Genetic improvement in Genetic improvement in Aquaculture Aquaculture • Less than 10% of aquaculture production • Less than 10% of aquaculture production based on genetically improved strain based on genetically improved strain • Full genome sequenced only from few • Full genome sequenced only from few species (zebra fish, puffer fish, Japanese species (zebra fish, puffer fish, Japanese medaka) ) medaka • Selective breeding program is widely used • Selective breeding program is widely used in many species for strain selection in many species for strain selection
Genetic improvement in Genetic improvement in Aquaculture Aquaculture • Established species • Experimental stages • • Established species Experimental stages - Salmon Salmon - Black tiger shrimp Black tiger shrimp - - - Trout Trout - Cobia Cobia - - - Tilapia Tilapia - Grouper Grouper - - - White shrimp White shrimp - Catfish Catfish - - - Seabass Seabass ( ( Lates Lates calcarifer calcarifer ) ) - - Cod Cod - - Turbot Turbot -
Transgenic : solve or cause Transgenic : solve or cause problems ???? problems ???? -Tilapia with insulin producing gene !! -Transgenic salmon escape from farm !!!! -Transgenic food relieve world hunger
I mportant Culture Species I mportant Culture Species (more than 250 species are cultured) (more than 250 species are cultured) • High value species • High value species • Salmon • Salmon • Cod • Cod • Atlantic halibut • Atlantic halibut • Sea urchin • Sea urchin • Marine Shrimp • Marine Shrimp • Cobia • Cobia • Tuna • Tuna • Grouper/Snapper • Grouper/Snapper • Bass (European and • Bass (European and Asian) Asian) • Pacific threadfin • Pacific threadfin
Culture commodity Culture commodity • Salmon • Shrimp • • Salmon Shrimp – Established production Established production – Well developed market Well developed market – – – Well known market Well known market – High value High value – – – High value High value – – Production cycle not Production cycle not – completed in some sp. completed in some sp. – Most advanced Most advanced – production technology production technology – Need genetic Need genetic – improvement and improvement and – High production cost – High production cost domestication domestication – Use high fishmeal and Use high fishmeal and – – Use high fishmeal and Use high fishmeal and – fish oil diet fish oil diet fish oil diet fish oil diet – Environmental concern Environmental concern – – Environmental concern Environmental concern –
CP shrimp farm, I ndonesia
Black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) Domestication and genetic improvement in Black tiger shrimp still in experimental stages
Cobia farm in Taiwan -Fastest growing specie (6-8 kg/ year) -High value/ well accept market -genetic improvement needed -New diseases emerge and needs vaccine development
I mportant Culture Species I mportant Culture Species • Low value species • Low value species – Tilapia Tilapia – – Carp Carp – – Catfish Catfish – • Low on food chain • Low on food chain – Require less fishmeal in diet Require less fishmeal in diet – – High plant protein diet High plant protein diet – – Trend for the future (not rely on FM/FO) Trend for the future (not rely on FM/FO) –
Offshore Aquaculture for Offshore Aquaculture for Future Production Future Production • Aquaculture need space • Aquaculture need space • Arable land is decreasing • Arable land is decreasing (10 ha/min) (10 ha/min)
Offshore cage 3-6,000 tons capacity -Submerged -Out of sight -Out of reach of storm -Out of coastal pollution -Out of shipping traffic
Constraints Constraints
I mpact of Aquaculture on I mpact of Aquaculture on Environment Environment • Aquaculture need space • Aquaculture need space • Waste and nutrient loaded to natural • Waste and nutrient loaded to natural water (Eutrophication) water (Eutrophication) • FM and FO used in aqua • FM and FO used in aqua- -feed feed • Diseases transmission from farm fish to • Diseases transmission from farm fish to wild fish wild fish • Chemical contaminant in natural water • Chemical contaminant in natural water
Arial view of shrimp farm
Do you know? Do you know? How much fecal waste from 500 How much fecal waste from 500 million farmed salmon?? million farmed salmon?? 200,000 salmon can produce as much as fecal 200,000 salmon can produce as much as fecal waste as a city of 62,000 peoples !! !! waste as a city of 62,000 peoples
Animal feed production in 2003 : 620 m mt 19.5 m mt (Tacon presentation, 2005)
Future use of Fishmeal and Future use of Fishmeal and Fish oil Fish oil • Estimated production of Aqua • Estimated production of Aqua- -feed in 2010 and feed in 2010 and 2020 is 27 and 37 m mt mt 2020 is 27 and 37 m • Global production of fishmeal and fish oil are • Global production of fishmeal and fish oil are stable at 7- -8 m 8 m mt mt and 1 and 1- -1.1 m 1.1 m mt mt/yr /yr stable at 7 • > 50% fishmeal and > 80% fish oil are used in • > 50% fishmeal and > 80% fish oil are used in aqua- -feed feed aqua • Urgent need for research and market • Urgent need for research and market – Fish meal and fish oil replacement in aqua Fish meal and fish oil replacement in aqua- -feed feed – – Biotechnology for single cell protein rich in DHA and Biotechnology for single cell protein rich in DHA and – EPA EPA
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