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Oct 10, 2022 174 likes •382 views

Wood anatomy - the role of macroscopic and microscopic wood identification against illegal logging PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Thnen Institute of Wood Research Hardwood Conference Sopron_2018 Name des Wissenschaftlers European Timber

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Name des Wissenschaftlers

PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch

Thünen Institute of Wood Research Hardwood Conference Sopron_2018

Wood anatomy - the role of macroscopic and microscopic wood identification against illegal logging

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 2

Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament:

▪ It prohibits trade in illegally logged timber and timber products ▪ It requires EU traders who place timber products on the EU market for the first time to exercise „due diligence“ ▪ In Germany 27,500 commercial suppliers are registered by the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) The regulation covers a wide range of timber products listed in its Annex using EU Customs code nomenclature.

European Timber Regulation - EUTR

Obligations and scope

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 3

The European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) requires obligations on businesses who trade in timber and timber related products. It applies to timber originating in the domestic (EU) market, as well as from third (non-EU) countries.

European Timber Regulation - EUTR

Regulation of the European Parliament

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 4 Hardwood Conference_2018

European Timber Regulation

ANNEX Timber and timber products as classified in the Combined Nomenclature in Annex I to

Regulation (EEC) No. 2658/87 ▪ 4401 Fuel wood, in logs, billets, pellets or similar forms; ▪ 4403 Wood (solid), not stripped, stripped of bark or two- or four-sided trimmed; ▪ 4406 Timber railway sleepers; ▪ 4407 Wood (sawn) or chipped lengthwise with a thickness exceeding 6 mm; ▪ 4408 Veneer sheets for plywood or for similar laminated wood ▪ 4410 Particle board, "oriented strand board" plates and similar plates ▪ 4411 Fibreboard of wood, agglomerated with resins or other organic substances; ▪ 4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood; ▪ 4415 Packing cases, boxes, and similar packing's ▪ 940330, 940340, 94035000, 940360 and 94039030 wood furniture ▪ Pulp and paper of chapters 47 and 48 of the Combined Nomenclature

European Timber Regulation (EUTR)

Timber products subjected to the control by the EUTR

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 5

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Participating institutes Participating institutes:

▪ Thünen Institute of Wood Research (TI-HF)

Macroscopic and microscopic wood identification

▪ Thünen Institute of Forest Genetic (TI-FG)

Genetic identification of wood species and origin

▪ Thünen Institute for International Forestry and Forest Economics (TI-WF)

Evaluation of certificates and timber market analyses

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 6

▪ Approx. 1,000 expertises/reports were executed in 2017

Examples of daily submitted samples

Wood identification in practice

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 7 Hardwood Conference_2018

Daily submissions of samples from the fields ▪ Wood trade (75%) ▪ Customs and environmental agencies (22%) ▪ NGOs (2%) ▪ Private consumer (1%) Increasing identification of lesser known species, especially in products that are manufactured in Asia Detailed market survey/observation of the internationally traded timber

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Scientific reports regarding the EUTR

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 8 Hardwood Conference_2018

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Scientific reports regarding the EUTR

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 9

The scientific wood collection of the Thünen Institute

Reference specimens for the wood identification

▪ Number of specimens: approx. 37,500 ▪ Botanical families: approx. 245 ▪ Botanical genera: approx. 2,400 ▪ Individual species: approx. 11,500 ▪ Number of regularly traded timber (600 to 800 worldwide)

Photos Ilja Hendel

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 10

Commercial timbers, macroHOLZdata and CITESwoodID, DELTA-INTKEY-System ▪ The databases contains descriptions and an interactive identification system for softwood and hardwood taxa common in the international trade

▪ Macroscopic and microscopic characters for the wood identification

Development and application of computer-assisted wood identification systems

Hardwood Conference_2018

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 11 Hardwood Conference_2018

The database Commercial timbers

Microscopic identification and description of Bangkirai

▪ Description and illustrations of Bangkirai for the microscopic wood identification

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 12 Hardwood Conference_2018

▪ Anatomical identification of individual veneer layers (< 0.2 mm thickness) in plywood

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Examples of microscopic wood identification

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 13

The Thuenen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Tropical timber regularly identified in plywood from South East Asia

Botanical genus / Family Trade name

Alstonia spp. / APOCYNACEAE Pulai Aucoumea klaineana / BURSERACEAE Okoumé Beilschmiedia spp. / LAUARACEAE Medang Campnosperma spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Terentang Canarium spp. / BURSERACEAE Kedongdong Endospermum spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Sesendok Ochanostachys amentacea / OLACACEAE Petaling Octomeles sumatrana / DATISCACEAE Binuang Palaquium spp. / SAPOTACEAE Nyatoh Pentaspadon spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Pelaju Shorea spp. subg. Rubroshorea / DIPTEROCARPACEAE Red Meranti Swintonia spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Merpauh

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 14 Hardwood Conference_2018

▪ Microscopic identification of individual vessel types and tracheids in fibreboard (MDF)

Identification of timber in fibre and particle boards

Characterization of anatomical / morphological features

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 15

▪ Individual types of vessels for the identification of acacia, machang and red meranti in pulp and paper ▪ Determination of the size of pits in macerated vessel elements

▪ Preparation of macerated (= separated) cell-elements and fibres

Acacia mangium Mangifera spp. Shorea subg. Rubroshorea

Identification of tropical timber in pulp and paper

Characterization of anatomical - morphological features

Hardwood Conference_2018

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 16

Botanical genus / Family Trade name

Alniphyllum spp. / STYRACACEAE Fortunes China-bells Alnus spp. / BETULACEAE Erle / alder Betula spp. / BETULACEAE Birke / birch Eucalyptus spp. / MYRTACEAE Eukalyptus / eucalypt Fagus sylvatica / FAGACEAE Buche / beech Liquidambar spp. / HAMAMELIDACEAE Amberbaum / Sweet gum Liriodendron spp. / MAGNOLIACEAE Tulpenbaum / Tulip wood Magnolia spp. / MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolie Nyssa spp. / NYSSACEAE Kirung Picea spp. / PINACEAE Fichte / spruce Pinus spp. / PINACEAE Kiefer / pine Populus spp. / SALICACEAE Pappel / poplar Pseudotsuga menziesii / PINACEAE Douglasie / Douglas-fir Schima spp. / THEACEAE Schima / samak Tilia spp. / MALVACEAE Linde / lime

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Timber regularly identified in fibre boards (MDF)

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 17 Hardwood Conference_2018

Atlas of vessel elements References for the identification of species from Asia

▪ Development of a “vessel atlas" for the identification of tropical timber in pulp and paper

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 18

Control of CITES-protected timber

▪ The current CITES-listings of the entire rosewood genus (over 250 species) and

f bubinga have a major impact on timber trade, as these species are

traditionally used for components of musical instruments and high quality furniture.

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Hardwood Conference_2018 Slide 19

CITESwoodID - Computer-aided identification and description of

CITES protected trade timbers

Bulnesia sarmientoi

Palo santo

CITES II / B Caesalpinia echinata

Fernambuc

CITES II / B Cedrela odorata

Cedro

CITES III / C Dalbergia nigra

Brazilian rosewood

CITES I / A Dalbergia spp.

Rosewood (> 250 species)

CITES II / B Diospyros spp.

Ebony (Madagascar)

CITES II / B Fitzroya cupressoides

Alerce

CITES I / A Gonystylus spp.

Ramin

CITES II / B Guaiacum spp.

Pockholz

CITES II / B Pericopsis elata

Afrormosia

CITES II / B Platymiscium spp.

Granadillo

CITES II / B Swietenia spp.

True Mahagoni

CITES II / B

▪ The database (Update_2017) contains 44 CITES-protected known for their potential in the manufacture of lumber and downstream processing into products, and 32 trade timbers which can be easily mistaken for CITES protected timbers (look-alike species)

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PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch Slide 20 Hardwood Conference_2018

Contact: Thuenen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber holzherkuenfte@thuenen.de

PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch

Wood anatomy - the role of macroscopic and microscopic wood identification against illegal logging

Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament:

European Timber Regulation - EUTR

Obligations and scope

The European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) requires obligations on businesses who trade in timber and timber related products. It applies to timber originating in the domestic (EU) market, as well as from third (non-EU) countries.

European Timber Regulation - EUTR

Regulation of the European Parliament

European Timber Regulation

European Timber Regulation (EUTR)

Timber products subjected to the control by the EUTR

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Participating institutes Participating institutes:

▪ Thünen Institute of Wood Research (TI-HF)

▪ Thünen Institute of Forest Genetic (TI-FG)

▪ Thünen Institute for International Forestry and Forest Economics (TI-WF)

▪ Approx. 1,000 expertises/reports were executed in 2017

Examples of daily submitted samples

Wood identification in practice

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Scientific reports regarding the EUTR

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Scientific reports regarding the EUTR

The scientific wood collection of the Thünen Institute

Reference specimens for the wood identification

▪ Number of specimens: approx. 37,500 ▪ Botanical families: approx. 245 ▪ Botanical genera: approx. 2,400 ▪ Individual species: approx. 11,500 ▪ Number of regularly traded timber (600 to 800 worldwide)

Commercial timbers, macroHOLZdata and CITESwoodID, DELTA-INTKEY-System ▪ The databases contains descriptions and an interactive identification system for softwood and hardwood taxa common in the international trade

▪ Macroscopic and microscopic characters for the wood identification

Development and application of computer-assisted wood identification systems

The database Commercial timbers

Microscopic identification and description of Bangkirai

▪ Description and illustrations of Bangkirai for the microscopic wood identification

▪ Anatomical identification of individual veneer layers (< 0.2 mm thickness) in plywood

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Examples of microscopic wood identification

The Thuenen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Tropical timber regularly identified in plywood from South East Asia

Botanical genus / Family Trade name

▪ Microscopic identification of individual vessel types and tracheids in fibreboard (MDF)

Identification of timber in fibre and particle boards

Characterization of anatomical / morphological features

▪ Individual types of vessels for the identification of acacia, machang and red meranti in pulp and paper ▪ Determination of the size of pits in macerated vessel elements

▪ Preparation of macerated (= separated) cell-elements and fibres

Identification of tropical timber in pulp and paper

Characterization of anatomical - morphological features

Botanical genus / Family Trade name

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Timber regularly identified in fibre boards (MDF)

Atlas of vessel elements References for the identification of species from Asia

▪ Development of a “vessel atlas" for the identification of tropical timber in pulp and paper

Control of CITES-protected timber

▪ The current CITES-listings of the entire rosewood genus (over 250 species) and

traditionally used for components of musical instruments and high quality furniture.

CITESwoodID - Computer-aided identification and description of

CITES protected trade timbers

▪ The database (Update_2017) contains 44 CITES-protected known for their potential in the manufacture of lumber and downstream processing into products, and 32 trade timbers which can be easily mistaken for CITES protected timbers (look-alike species)

The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber

Many thanks!