Wide Area Monitoring & Synchrophasors Definition, Measurement, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Wide Area Monitoring & Synchrophasors Definition, Measurement, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Wide Area Monitoring & Synchrophasors Definition, Measurement, and Application GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin Cleveland Separation Aug 14, 2003 0 -10 -20 Normal Angle ~ -25 -30 -40 -50 -60 Relative Phase Angle -70

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GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin

Wide Area Monitoring & Synchrophasors

Definition, Measurement, and Application

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2 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

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15:05:00 15:32:00 15:44:00 15:51:00 16:05:00 16:06:01 16:09:05 16:10:38

Time (EDT)

Relative Phase Angle

Cleveland West MI

Normal Angle ~ -25º

Reference: Browns Ferry

Cleveland Separation – Aug 14, 2003

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3 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Drivers

  • Operating the grid is not going to get easier:

– Insufficient stability margins – Generation and load centers displaced even more – Environmental and cost constraints on new transmission – Deregulations and pressure on asset utilization – No recognition for maintaining system security and margins

  • Logical response:

– With limited capabilities to strengthen generation and transmission (natural stability) need to rely more on active controls (forced stability) – Better visualization and assistance tools for operators – Closed-loop control for events beyond response time of manual control:

  • fight to stay together
  • island controllably
  • restore quickly
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4 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Phasors

> Rotating rotors = alternate currents / voltages

A VA A B B C C VB VC N S

> Phasors are well established means of representing ac circuits

Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923) Complex Quantities and their use in Electrical Engineering; Charles Proteus Steinmetz; Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress, Chicago, IL; AIEE Proceedings, 1893; pp.33-74.

= θ M

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5 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Synchrophasors

Strobe Light Analogy

0o 30o 60

  • 90o

120o 150

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  • 60o
  • 90o
  • 120
  • 150o

180o

N S

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Strobe Light Analogy

0o 30o 60

  • 90o

120o 150

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  • 60o
  • 90o
  • 120
  • 150o

180o

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7 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Phasor Definition per C37.118

Xn UTC Time Reference Cosine Reference +θ

  • θ

X2 Phasor = Xn √2 ± θ ± θ Corrected for any filter delay

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8 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Standardized Synchronous Reporting Rates

System Frequency 50 Hz 60 Hz Report rates (phasors/sec) 10 25 10 12 15 20 30

Optional Phasor Reporting Rates: 50 phasors/sec on 50 Hz systems 60 phasors/sec on 60 Hz systems

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9 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

UTC Based Synchronized Reporting

Where: 0 = Top of Second Tn = 0 + n*(1/Fs) from top of second Report Rate = 60 Phasors/second

T0 2T0 3T0 4T0 5T0 φ1 φ0 φ2 φ3 φ4

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10 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

PMU Implementation

δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4 δ5 PMU GPS Clock

Synchronized Phasors

PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit

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11 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Synchrophasor Report Format

Second of Century (SOC) – from Jan 1, 1970 - 4 bytes Fraction of Second (modulo 224) + Time Quality Phasors (mag and angle) – Integer or Float – 4 or 8 bytes Other Measurements (f, df/dt, W, Var, Events)

Time Quality Byte Bit# Function 0-3 Time Server quality per PC37.118 4 Leap Second Pending 5 Leap Second Occurred 6 Leap second Direction (0 for add, 1 for delete) 7 Reserved

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12 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Total Vector Error

VIdeal VMeasured VError

Ideal Ideal Measured

V V V TVE r r r − ≡

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13 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Influence Quantities and Error Limits

±5 Hz Frequency range resulting in: > Magnitude Errors > Angle Errors 10% Total Harmonic Distortion 10% Interfering Signal TVE from all Sources must be < 1%

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14 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Wide Area Network Structure

Corporate Wide Area Network WAN (Intranet / Internet)

Link to Office LAN / WAN

Office PC using Internet Explorer

Office PC LAN

Corporate Intranet Web Server Control Area 1

δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4

Control Area 3

δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4

Control Area 2

δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4

Security Concerns:

  • Unauthorized access
  • Worms/Viruses
  • Denial of Service
  • Other attacks
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15 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Reporting Hierarchy Options

PMU PMU PMU . . . PDC PMU PMU PMU . . . PMU PMU PMU . . . Local Operation National Operation

Very High-speed Decisions 10-100 ms time frame

High-speed Decisions 100 ms – 1S time frame PDC PDC

PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator

Monitoring / EMS > 1 sec

60 Phasors/ sec 10 Phasors/ sec

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16 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

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17 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Wide Area Monitoring and Control

Transmission Paths

500kV Lines

Kemano Colstrip Malin John Day Navajo Hoover

PG&E SCE SDG&E LADWP

345kV Lines 230kV Lines DC Lines

Table Mtn. Diablo Canyon Moss Landing Peace River Midpoint San Juan Four Corners Cholla Jim Bridger IPP Grand Coulee McNary Palo Verde Mohave

Wide Area Control

State Measurement

  • 1-60 Phasors/sec
  • Control Range
  • Control Device Status

Phasor Measurement Units Input Data:

  • Operate Point change
  • Linear Control
  • On/Off

EMS applications for self-healing grid

C O N T R O L

Data Synchronization & Control Coordination

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18 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Phasor Data Concentrator Function

DB

. . . . .

Data Collection Per Standard over RS485, C37.94, or Ethernet Data Translation/Presentation OPC – High Speed OPC – Archive Other Applications

Data Rate: 1-60 Phasors/sec Communication options: Multiplexer, Modem, etc. PMU PMU PMU

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19 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Communication Network Requirements

  • Guaranteed bandwidth
  • Adjustable bandwidth
  • Settable priority
  • High-availability (99.99%)
  • Low latency
  • Standards based
  • Scalable
  • High noise immunity
  • Support for other functions
  • Automatic Configuration
  • Network monitoring/management
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20 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

SRP Communication Network

Network elements: 17 OC-48 Nodes 218 MUX Nodes

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21 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Palo Verde Round Trip Communication Timing Site Ethernet G.703 Gaucho 14ms 11ms Alameda 14ms 20ms Indian Bend 14ms 33ms Buckhorn 14ms 46ms

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22 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Wide Area System View

+30 Phase Angle +20 +10 +00

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23 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Phasor Viewing

559.26

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 Grand Coulee John Day Malin N Colstrip Big Eddy 500 Keeler 500 kV Vincent Devers 500 kV Vincent 500kV Mohave 500kV Devers 500kV Grand Coulee 500kV Angle Reference is Grand Coulee 08/04/00 Event at 12:55 Pacific Time (08/04/00 at 19:55 GMT )

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24 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Big Creek System Oscillations of September 13, 2000 Voltage plots for 230 busses

200.0 209.6 219.2 228.8 238.4 248.0 14:44:25.00 14:45:25.00 14:46:25.00 14:47:25.00 14:48:25.00 14:49:25.00 14:50:25.00

Pacific Time

Vincent 230kV Devers 230kV Big Creek 230kV Alamitos 230kV SO-SCE 230kV SO-SDGE 230kV Kramer 230kV Antelope 220kV

09/13/00 Event at 14:44 Pacific Time (09/13/00 at 21:44 GMT )

Cap-bank Cut-in Line trip Trip & close

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25 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Other Visualization Applications

  • Frequency and rate-of-change of frequency
  • Positive, negative, and zero sequence plots of

system voltage

  • Damping constant calculations
  • Power flow / change in power flow / general

change detection

  • Oscillation Identification / frequency calculation
  • Historical Trends
  • Event Signature Analysis
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26 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005

Functions & Applications

  • Wide Area Monitoring and

Advance Warning Systems

  • Telemetry & Inter-utility

Data Exchange

  • Load/Generation Shedding
  • Angular Instability Detection
  • Wide-area Voltage Regulation
  • Remedial Action & Power System Protection Schemes
  • System Back-up Protection & Related Applications
  • Coordinated Restoration
  • Self Recovering Systems

Theoretically-founded opportunities