Wide Area Monitoring & Synchrophasors Definition, Measurement, and Application GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
Cleveland Separation – Aug 14, 2003 0 -10 -20 Normal Angle ~ -25º -30 -40 -50 -60 Relative Phase Angle -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 15:05:00 15:32:00 15:44:00 15:51:00 16:05:00 16:06:01 16:09:05 16:10:38 Time (EDT) Reference: Browns Ferry Cleveland West MI 2 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Drivers • Operating the grid is not going to get easier: – Insufficient stability margins – Generation and load centers displaced even more – Environmental and cost constraints on new transmission – Deregulations and pressure on asset utilization – No recognition for maintaining system security and margins • Logical response: – With limited capabilities to strengthen generation and transmission ( natural stability ) need to rely more on active controls ( forced stability ) – Better visualization and assistance tools for operators – Closed-loop control for events beyond response time of manual control: • fight to stay together • island controllably • restore quickly 3 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Phasors > Rotating rotors = alternate currents / voltages M V A A = θ B C N S C B V B V C A > Phasors are well established means of representing ac circuits Charles Proteus Steinmetz ( 1865-1923) Complex Quantities and their use in Electrical Engineering; Charles Proteus Steinmetz; Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress, Chicago, IL; AIEE Proceedings, 1893; pp.33-74. 4 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Synchrophasors Strobe Light Analogy 0 o -30 30 o o -60 o o 60 N -90 o 90 o S o -120 120 o -150 o 150 180 o o 5 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Strobe Light Analogy 0 o -30 30 o o -60 o o 60 -90 o 90 o o -120 120 o -150 o 150 180 o o
Phasor Definition per C37.118 X n X 2 Phasor = X n ± θ ± θ √ 2 + θ - θ Corrected for any filter delay Cosine Reference UTC Time Reference 7 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Standardized Synchronous Reporting Rates System 50 Hz 60 Hz Frequency Report rates 10 25 10 12 15 20 30 (phasors/sec) Optional Phasor Reporting Rates: 50 phasors/sec on 50 Hz systems 60 phasors/sec on 60 Hz systems 8 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
UTC Based Synchronized Reporting Report Rate = 60 Phasors/second 0 T 0 2T 0 3T 0 4T 0 5T 0 φ 0 φ 2 φ 4 φ 1 φ 3 Where: 0 = Top of Second T n = 0 + n*(1/Fs) from top of second 9 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
PMU Implementation PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit δ 3 δ 1 δ 2 δ 4 δ 5 GPS Synchronized PMU Clock Phasors 10 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Synchrophasor Report Format Second of Century (SOC) – from Jan 1, 1970 - 4 bytes Fraction of Second (modulo 2 24 ) + Time Quality Phasors (mag and angle) – Integer or Float – 4 or 8 bytes Other Measurements (f, df/dt, W, Var, Events) Time Quality Byte Bit# Function 0-3 Time Server quality per PC37.118 4 Leap Second Pending 5 Leap Second Occurred 6 Leap second Direction (0 for add, 1 for delete) 7 Reserved 11 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Total Vector Error r r − V V Measured Ideal ≡ r TVE V Ideal V Error V Ideal V Measured 12 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Influence Quantities and Error Limits ± 5 Hz Frequency range resulting in: > Magnitude Errors > Angle Errors 10% Total Harmonic Distortion 10% Interfering Signal TVE from all Sources must be < 1% 13 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Wide Area Network Structure Link to Office LAN / WAN Office PC LAN Security Concerns: Corporate Intranet • Unauthorized access Web Server • Worms/Viruses Office PC using • Denial of Service Internet Explorer • Other attacks Corporate Wide Area Network WAN (Intranet / Internet) δ 3 δ 3 δ 1 δ 1 δ 3 δ 1 δ 2 δ 2 δ 2 δ 4 δ 4 δ 4 Control Area 3 Control Area 1 Control Area 2 14 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Reporting Hierarchy Options PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator Monitoring / EMS > 1 sec National Operation High-speed Local Operation Decisions 100 ms – 1S time frame 10 Phasors/ sec Very High-speed PDC PDC PDC Decisions 60 Phasors/ 10-100 ms time frame sec PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU . . . . . . . . . 15 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
16 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Wide Area Monitoring and Control State EMS applications Measurement for self-healing grid C O N Input Data: Data Synchronization & Wide Area Control Control Coordination •Operate Point change •1-60 Phasors/sec •Linear Control •Control Range •On/Off •Control Device Status T Peace River R Kemano L O P hasor Grand Coulee Transmission Paths M easurement 500kV Lines McNary 345kV Lines John Day Colstrip U nits 230kV Lines DC Lines Midpoint Malin Jim Bridger Table Mtn. IPP PG&E Navajo Moss Landing San Juan Hoover SCE Four Corners Cholla Diablo Canyon Mohave LADWP Palo Verde SDG&E 17 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Phasor Data Concentrator Function Other Applications OPC – High Speed OPC – Archive DB Data Translation/Presentation Data Collection Per Standard over RS485, C37.94, or Ethernet Data Rate: 1-60 Phasors/sec Communication options: Multiplexer, Modem, etc. . . . . . PMU PMU PMU 18 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Communication Network Requirements • Guaranteed bandwidth • Adjustable bandwidth • Settable priority • High-availability (99.99%) • Low latency • Standards based • Scalable • High noise immunity • Support for other functions • Automatic Configuration • Network monitoring/management 19 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
SRP Communication Network Network elements: 17 OC-48 Nodes 218 MUX Nodes 20 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Palo Verde Round Trip Communication Timing Site Ethernet G.703 Gaucho 14ms 11ms Alameda 14ms 20ms Indian Bend 14ms 33ms Buckhorn 14ms 46ms 21 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Wide Area System View Phase Angle +30 +20 +10 +00 -10 -20 -30 22 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Phasor Viewing 08/04/00 Event at 12:55 Pacific Time (08/04/00 at 19:55 GMT ) 0 330 559.26 30 Grand Coulee John Day 300 60 Malin N Colstrip Big Eddy 500 Keeler 500 kV 270 90 0 Vincent Devers 500 kV Vincent 500kV Mohave 500kV 240 120 Devers 500kV Grand Coulee 500kV 210 150 180 Angle Reference is Grand Coulee 23 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Big Creek System Oscillations of September 13, 2000 Voltage plots for 230 busses Line trip 09/13/00 Event at 14:44 Pacific Time (09/13/00 at 21:44 GMT ) 248.0 Cap-bank Cut-in 238.4 Trip & close Vincent 230kV 228.8 Devers 230kV Big Creek 230kV Alamitos 230kV 219.2 SO-SCE 230kV SO-SDGE 230kV Kramer 230kV Antelope 220kV 209.6 200.0 14:44:25.00 14:45:25.00 14:46:25.00 14:47:25.00 14:48:25.00 14:49:25.00 14:50:25.00 Pacific Time 24 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Other Visualization Applications • Frequency and rate-of-change of frequency • Positive, negative, and zero sequence plots of system voltage • Damping constant calculations • Power flow / change in power flow / general change detection • Oscillation Identification / frequency calculation • Historical Trends • Event Signature Analysis 25 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
Functions & Applications • Wide Area Monitoring and Advance Warning Systems • Telemetry & Inter-utility Data Exchange • Load/Generation Shedding • Angular Instability Detection • Wide-area Voltage Regulation • Remedial Action & Power System Protection Schemes • System Back-up Protection & Related Applications • Coordinated Restoration • Self Recovering Systems Theoretically-founded opportunities 26 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005
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