Why we need Behavior Change .. Global Urban Climate Impact - Why - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Human-Nature for Climate Stability

Helen Santiago Fink, AICP

Urban Climate Researcher and Consultant University of Natural Resources and Applied Life S ciences/ BOKU, Vienna Austria EU International Urban Cooperation – North America

helensantiagofink@ gmail.com

Why we need Behavior Change… ..

Global Urban Climate Impact - Why We Need Behavior Change

(Source: SEI/C40 2014,)

Behavior Change S trategies for Climate Action



Sub-national/City engagement: vertical integration; public engagement, participatory planning, community mobilization for collective civic action, eg: Covenant of Mayors



Low-carbon Context and Urban Infrastructure: non-vehicular mobility, sustainable design to enhance access through specific choice architecture; connectivity of services



Greening Urban Environment: heighten focus on preserving/expanding urban ecosystems and biodiversity to optimize multi-functionality of Nature through eco-system services for climate mitigation and adaptation as well as cultural services to catalyze environmental consciousness and connectedness to nature, nudging behavior towards for climate action and higher wellbeing, environmental justice and quality of life, eg: Million Trees NYC project



Biophilic Design for Built Environment: promotes socio-economic co-benefits and supports climate mitigation and adaptation measures; safeguards against environmental amnesia in future generations given urbanization trend.



Education and Messaging: of the Benefits of Nature and Ecosystem Services – to promote awareness, community/social norms and collective action towards environmental stewardship and climate action.

Sustainability Journal Article: Human-Nat ure for Climat e Act ion: Nat ure-Based S

• lut ions for Urban S

ust ainabilit y (S ant iago Fink 2016)

Context in the form of regulation and policies as well the biophysical and built environments are fundamental in guiding individual actions and, because of their macro/meso level implications, engaging societies towards collective impact (of behavior) towards climate action.

Urban Ecosystem Services (Nature’s Services)

 Provisioning Services: eg: food, water,

medicine, raw materials

 Regulating Services: carbon

sequestration/storage, extreme events/floods, waste water treatment, air quality, pollination

 Supporting Services: nutrient cycling, habitats,

genetic diversity

 Cultural Services: health, recreational, spiritual

What is Biophilia?

 Human beings inherent / innat e relat ionship wit h t he nat ural

environment and ot her living t hings

 Biophilia first coined by German-American psychologist Erich Fromm in

in The Anat omy of Human Dest ruct iveness (1973) as the love of all living things

 Popularized by Harvard biologist, Edward O.Wilson, in his 1984 book

Biophilia – identified the environmental/ conservation ethic

 Biophilia Hypothesis (1993) by Y

ale’s social ecologist, S tephen R, Kellert, and E.O. Wilson further elaborated the hypothesis of biophilia and its applications to other disciplines including architecture and health care.

 Roger Ulrich’s seminal study “ View t hrough a Window May Inf luence

Recovery f rom S urgery” (S cience (1984)) - hospital patients covered from gall bladder surgery faster and required less pain medication on account of simple views of trees from their room windows (control = view of brick wall)

Climate Impact of Urban Ecosystem and S ervices

 Urban ecosystems provide critical natural capital for climate adaptation and

mitigation as well as deliver multiple co-benefits, eg: physical and mental health, social well-being and equity, basic resources, livelihoods

 Integrate UES into urban planning, policy making, CIP/infrastructure

investments; strengthen governance structures for maintenance

 Investing in green infrastructure provides cost effective climate solutions/climate

resiliency for cities

 UHI/Energy solution - 10 % green cover (street trees) in CBD = reduction of

2.2°C (Gill 2007); 20% tree canopy could result in cooling savings of 8-18 percent and heating savings of 2 to 8 percent ( ASLA 2012)

 Green roof in WDC retains 15 gallons (56.7 liters) of storm-water per one

square foot (0.09 square meter) of coverage or 50%–75% of rainfall on an annual basis (Chesapeake Bay Foundation 2008)

Green Infrastructure – Bioretention

Urban Green/Blue Corridors

Nature’s Local Co-Benefits

 Place making/Quality of life: Healthy ecosystems fostering deeper insight

into nature” (Yli‐Pelkonen et al., 2006, while time spent in natural areas, particularly during childhood, is a key indicator of environmental action; * Education deficit: USA secondary school education lack teaching about nature’s benefits (Earth Institute 2011)

 Public Health: Nature benefits Human immunological systems, mental

health, respiratory illness, obesity and social violence. Mitigates UHI. Importance of nature–human nexus for society in this era of urbanization, sedentary and technology driven lifestyles (American Public Health Association) * New York City’s street trees provide $5.60 in benefits for every dollar

• Sustainability: the multi-functionality of Nature’s services – ecosystem

services - supports multiple global goals: climate change, sustainable development, SDGs, water access, resource efficiency and environmental justice; social stability; economic livelihoods .

Biophilic Design

Biophilic Design – Pocket Park (Paley Park, East 53rd S treet b/ w Madison and 5th Ave.)

Sector Design element Human/Societal Benefit Economic Benefits/year Business/Office Views of Nature Increased productivity; reduced stress $3.6 million/ employer Medical – Hospitals Views of Nature Reduced hospital stays after surgery $93,324,031/ year (industry savings); Education Daylighting Heighten cognitive capacities 7-26% improved test scores Real Estate/health care Access to park (500 m) Restoration of physiological and mental states 5% premium in residential prices; $2,200/ person saving to health care industry to address

• besity

Retail Daylighting Positive environment 40% increased sales Criminal Justice Views/ simulations to/ of nature Reduced aggression, stress and violence 52% fewer felonies (of public housing residents); approx. $162,200 savings/ yr by S tate (Illinois)

Economic Benefits of Biophilic Design

Source: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (2012)

Behavior Change towards Climate Action



Human “ Connectedness” to Nature shapes values and attitudes towards the biosphere (S chultz et al., 2004); essential to prevent “ environmental generational amnesia” (Kahn et al., 2008 [52]) and support conversation.



“ Greening of Cities” to positively exploit the ecosystem services AND optimize the cultural services to catalyze inherent human biophilic; eg: NYC MillionTreesNYC initiative uses tree planting as a “ hook” to promote environmental stewardship and support New Y

• rk City’s

sustainability plan – BEHAVIOR CHANGE.



“ Context” is key in shaping behavior (Kurz et al., 2015 [64]) in form of regulation and policies as well the biophysical and built environments because of their macro/ meso level implications, engaging societies towards collective impact towards climate action.



“ Urgent biophilia” suggests individuals and communities are drawn to nature and greening practices to restore human and physical states and promote healing in situ in times of disaster (Tidball, 2012)--- thus biophilia in the proactive (rather than reactive) sense may be cultivated to evoke environmentally sensitive behavior for climate resiliency, if not for human survival.



Theory of “ topophilia” , vested interests in the preservation of ‘ Place’ supports potential of human cultural-based learning for sustainability and its need for urban populations (Beery et al., 2015 [51]).

ARC3.2 Chapter 8: Urban Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2016) - (Urban Climate Change Researchers Network (UCCRN), http://uccrn.org/

MAJOR FINDINGS:



Urban species and ecosystems are already being affected by climate change.



Climate change and urbanization are likely to increase the vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots, urban species, and critical ecosystem services



Urban ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide critical natural capital for climate adaptation and mitigation. (Tim Beatley, UVA, Biophilic Cities Network)



Investing in urban ecosystems and green infrastructure can provide cost-effective, nature- based solutions for adapting to climate change while also creating opportunities to increase social equity, environmental justice, green economies, and sustainable urban development



A systems approach to an ecology in, of, and for cities - interdisciplinary, multi-scalar focus

• n interactions and feedbacks among social, ecological and technological systems (SETs)

(Grimm et al., 2000; Pickett et al., 2001; McDonald et al., 2013; Childers et al., 2014, 2015; McPhearson et al 2016)



.

Advancing Urban Ecology towards a S cience of Cities (McPhearson et al 2016)

Concluding Key Points … ..

 Humans have limited information-processing capacity and finite time and

resources, they are constrained in the number of behavioral changes or new behaviors that are possible (Gardner and Stern 2002).

 The urban context can nudge behavior in its policy-making and design of

buildings (offices, homes, institutions), layout of urban spaces, modes of transport and accessibility, spatial form, scale and distribution of greenery – to support mitigation of GHGs, eg: transit vs. auto use; energy types and efficiency, food choices, eg: community/urban gardens

 Behavioral change best during times of structural life changes, eg: new job, home

– to break/disrupt habits

 Contact with Nature promotes brain development (ie: creativity) as well are moral,

emotional education and connectedness to other living things (Wilson – Biophilia) and cultivates environmental stewardship and supports of conservation

Thank you for your attention! Helen Santiago Fink helensantiagofink@gmail.com

S

• urce: Richard Register

From Sustainable Cities to Sustainable People Changing Behavior towards Sustainability with the Five A Planning Approach

• Dr. Petra Hurtado

Urban Sustainability Advisor and Researcher Petra.Hurtado@urbanbreezes.com www.urbanbreezes.com Planning for Behavior Change towards Sustainability 2017 APA National Conference, NYC 5/8/2017

“largest wave of urban growth in history” (United Nations)

• 50% of the world’s population now lives in towns and cities
• by 2030 this number will go up to about 5 billion

Cities are the main contributor to climate change, “consuming ⅔ of the world's energy and creating over 70% of global CO2 emissions” (C40)

Urban Planning towards Sustainability Green Cities – Eco-Cities – Sustainable Cities – Resilient Cities – Smart Cities But not every city is successful…..

Solar City Linz, Austria

Phoenix, AZ

Building public transit systems doesn’t guarantee that people use them. Building resource-efficient buildings doesn’t guarantee that the occupants use less energy.

PLAN VS. REALITY

• We focus too much on the technical problem and its technical solution.
• The most important “component” of a city and the factor that can make

a city more sustainable are the people who live, work, and play in the city.

• Sustainability is not about technology; it is about changing behavior
• f ordinary people living their ordinary lives.
• Environmental knowledge doesn’t correlate with environmental action.

WHY?

Urban planning should be about making cities more sustainable by creating an environment that allows and motivates sustainable behavior and enables long- term behavior change.

What makes people change their behavior?

What makes people change their behavior?

Availability

Affordability

Affordability and Awareness

Awareness and Availability

Attractiveness - safety

Attractiveness - beauty

Attractiveness – comfort

Accessibility

5 A Planning Approach towards Sustainability

Planning for Behavior Change Toward Sustainability

2017 National Planning Conference, NYC

Frameworks for Sustainability Innovation & Applications from Indonesia

• Dr. Jennifer Senick, Rutgers Center for Green Building

& Lusia Nini Purwajati, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

LOCAL GLOBAL

REGIONAL NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

One Ecology, Many Behaviors, Complex Interactions & Impacts

Government: Differentiated Structures

International Nation State/Province Locality International Nation State/Province Locality Citizen Citizen Unitary Federal Government ≠ Governance Initiative can emerge anywhere

INDIVIDUALS HOUSEHOLDS GROUPS ORGANIZATIONS INDUSTRIES

Corporations Nonprofits Governments Small Businesses Technology Law Real Estate Communications

Scales of Human Actors: Differentiated Strategies

Universities

Dimensions of the Sustainability Challenge – Scale

We are experiencing major urban development with the share of the global urban population expected to rise from 50% to 66% by 2050 (UNDESA, 2014) By 2050 1 billion new housing units will be needed to accommodate the global population (Bilham, 2009) Annual global CO2 emissions (including effects

• f deforestation) are about 10 billion metric tons

2016 ranks as Earth’s warmest since records were kept starting in 1880

And Scope: Vulnerable Natural and Built Environment Systems

Built Infrastructure

• Energy
• Transportation (roads,

railways, ports, freight)

• Telecommunications
• Parks & Preserved Lands
• Waste Infrastructure

Public Health and Society

• Emergency Preparedness
• Heat Emergencies
• Vector Borne Disease
• Allergies
• Cardiovascular conditions
• Urban Communities

The Natural Environment

• Coastal & freshwater wetlands
• Back bays
• Forests
• Habitats, native species (flora,

fauna)

Agriculture

• Food Supply
• Commodities

Water Resources

• Drinking water quantity
• Water quality
• Inland flooding
• Infrastructure (drinking water,

wastewater, stormwater)

• Ecosystem Impacts

Coastal

• Ecosystem services
• Tourism
• Residential and commercial

structures

• Precipitation • Temperature • Drought
• Storm Surge
• Sea Level Rise •

Heat Waves

Southeast Asia Region

Figure 4. 1: Map of Vulnerability from Climate Change in Southeast Asia, p. 90 Indonesia National Report

Indonesian Case Studies – Planning and Designing for Behavior Change

• 1. Parks in Surabaya
• 2. Neighborhood waste bank in Yogyakarta
• 3. The rise of online based motorbike taxi services

Lonely Planet, http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/indonesia/java/, accessed August 10, 2016.

• 1. Improving

parks in Surabaya, East Java, 2nd largest city in Indonesia (city

pop 3 million; metro 6.5 million)

 Under the leadership of Mayor Risma, Surabaya has been working to improve city parks. There are 11 major parks and each has a different theme – i.e., Friendship Park (Taman Persahabatan), Expression Park (Taman Ekspresi) or Achievement Park (Taman Prestasi)  Risma, who calls herself Walikota Gila Taman (Mayor who is crazy about parks) believes that parks can help to cool Surabaya and facilitate social interaction

Mayor Risma

https://m.tempo.co/read/new s/2016/05/03/058767894/risma

• kampung-berperan-penting-

membentuk-karakter-anak

Transforming a neglected park

Taman Bungkul was a 10,000 sqm neglected

• park. It eventually became
• ne of Surabaya’s main
• attractions. The park

received the 2013 Asian Townscape Sector Award from the UN-Habitat in Fukuoka, Japan

https://lelanangagnibaya.wordpress.com/2016/01/25/4/

Facilities and activities

Facilities including an amphitheater, jogging track, playground, skate park and wifi.

A microcosm of Surabaya is found in the users of Bungkul Park. The have, the have not, those with dark skin, light skin, babies and the elderly meet and interact at Bungkul Park.

Activities in Taman Bungkul http://www.anggertsu.com/2016/04/taman-bungkul-taman-kota-paling-hits-di.html

Environmental and Behavioral Impacts

• 1. Surabaya’s parks provide a refugee from the heat,

help to manage storm water run-off, assist in neutralizing air pollution, and reduce organic waste, which is used to fertilize the plants thereby reducing waste going to the landfill

• 2. Education about environmental issues is facilitated

through signage and to a certain extent through the provision of affordances (á la Gibson)

• 3. The parks have become successful public spaces for

Surabaya’s residents regardless of background

• 4. Park funding is provided mainly from the city budget;

however, the city of Surabaya also has welcomed the participation of the private sector through a growing interest in CSR (corporate social responsibility)

• 2. Creativity in

conditions of limited infrastructure: Yogyakarta, Patehan Kampong, Java ( pop 400k and greater metro area 4million)

 The city of Yogyakarta has limited waste infrastructure, sharing an open landfill with two neighboring municipalities.  The city government initiated a neighborhood waste bank. By April 2016, 65 % or 405 out of 616 kampong neighborhoods had formed a waste bank. Each sub district/kelurahan has a facilitator to train the kampong community on waste bank management (Yogyakarta Govt, 2016)  The waste bank aims to help reduce the amount of waste dumped into the Piyungan Landfill in neighboring Bantul  It had been predicted that the landfill would be full in 2014, however the community waste management movement has prolonged the capacity of the landfill to 2017 (Yogyakarta Govt, 2014)

Piyungan Landfill

http://www.mongabay.co.id/2016/0 8/05/mencari-cara-optimalkan- kelola-sampah-seperti-apa/

Waste bank – How does it work?

 Individuals or households collect their waste weekly and bring it to the kampong neighborhood waste bank; it must be pre-sorted  The waste bank caretaker (kampong representatives) weighs/ calculates the value of the waste and then pays households according to the type of waste (plastic bottle/can/glass/etc) delivered  The payment goes into an individual savings account less a small administrative fee  The waste is then sold to pengepul/private waste collector  Households may cash in their account anytime, although many do so 1x year  The kampong may elect to upcycle some of the waste into various things such as bags or tablecloths, rather than sell it

The waste bank

• f Pualam,

Kampung Ngadisuryan

Every Sunday, people bring select household waste to Pualam waste

• bank. Pualam accepts any kind of

waste except organic materials.

Photo: Pualam documentation

Upcycling the waste

Adding economic value: the kampong is located near Yogyakarta Palace, a main tourism

• attraction. Previously a burden, the

waste is now an opportunity.

Photo: Nini Purwajati

Environmental and behavioral impacts

1. Due to limited infrastructure, people do not know where to dispose of their waste. The waste bank provides an answer while also making people more aware of the

• environment. The kampong has

cleaner surroundings; previously house yards had piles of waste 2. Previously waste was perceived to have no value, but now there is a small economic benefit – approximately 6000 rupiah per week / half dollar, although steel scrap or scrap white paper can have higher value 3. From the upcycling, the kampong also generates extra income, which may be used to furnish the daycare center, etc.

The bankbook

Photo: Nini Purwajati

Environmental and Behavioral Concerns

 This creative localized solution is not a substitute for a large-scale solution/waste plan. The existing landfill is nearly full.  Increasing reliance on private waste collectors should be taken into account. The private waste collector has become an emerging business in City of Yogyakarta. The waste collector re/sells waste to relevant factories. This raises questions, for what and how they treat the waste? More questions/concerns:  What if there were no longer to be a financial reward? Would the community continue to recycle?  Is the volume of waste generated actually being reduced, particularly given an expanding population?

• 3. The rise of
• nline based

motorbike taxi services: consequence of un-planned transportation network and infrastructure

 Reliable and effective public transport is a major concern in Indonesia with minimal public transportation planning and infrastructure  Only Jakarta has Bus Rapid Transit, some rail and is constructing an extended light rail, although these are insufficient to solve the problem.  The increasing number of private vehicles is concerning. In Jakarta, there is an annual increase of private vehicles of 12% while roadway capacity expands 0,1%/yr (Jakarta Metro Police, 2015)

Daily traffic in Jakarta

http://www.antaranews.com/berita/473169/jumlah- motor-dan-mobil-di-jakarta-tumbuh-12-persen- tiap-tahun

Ojek: the online motorbike taxi

 Traditional motorbike taxi or ojek has been around for a while, wherein the motorbike taxis gather at crossroads or corners and await customers  For the last few years, new and improved motorbike taxi services have

• emerged. The system has some

similarity to UBER; it employs smartphones for location finding and for bookings  These services have been extended to food and grocery delivery; e.g., Go Jek which previously served Greater Jakarta but is now also available in

• ther 9 cities

The online ojeks

http://www.majalahict.com/files/Majalah%20ICT%20E nglish%20No.38-2015.pdf

Rates and the number of

• nline

motorbike taxi drivers

The number of drivers and vehicles keeps increasing https://tirto.id/20160121-39/gojek- dan-revolusi-transportasi-umum- 110

More services

From transport to food delivery to shopping and instant courier services Source: metrotvnews

http://jobbatam.com/company/pt-go-jek-indonesia/

People love the motorbike taxi

Many feel it is the right solution for now with economic and other benefits, but how about in the future? Behavior is being conditioned towards a convenience/delivery economy with increasingly sedentary lifestyles for those that can afford it. The motorbike is noisy and polluting. It is slimmer than a car but does not reduce vehicular traffic. Is this a wrong turn towards a more pedestrian and bike friendly city?

http://www.suratkabar.id/4913/news/gawat-sistem-operasi-gojek-bisa-di-hack- penumpang-dan-driver-sama-sama-dirugikan

Do People need motorbike taxis?

I will call the Transport

• Minister. People need

motorbike taxis. Don’t make the people in distress because of regulation. Jokowi, regarding Ministry

• f Transport ban on online

motorbike taxi President invites Go Jek driver for lunchat the Presidential Palace

• n Feb 9, 2016

Photo: ANTARA

Other Transportation Behaviors: Academic and/or Non Profit Assns Assist in Sharing Replicable Local Actions

Campaigning for Car Free Day in Bandung, p. 98 national report… (Source: Photo by Ari Prasetyo, 2014)

earth people

Planning for Behavior Change towards Sustainability requires Transformative AND Incremental Change

Stakeholder Engagement – Musyawarah

Rekompak Community Meeting, Indonesia National Report , April 2015; (Source :www.rekompakjogja.blogspot.com)

+ perencanaan pembangunan = Musrenbang

(community discussion + development planning)

Citizens checking out the Mini Atlas of their district at the local district

• ffice, p232, Indonesia National Report , April 2015

Solo Kota Kita Poster , p.231 Indonesia National Report, April 2015

Formal and Informal Sustainability Education: students of an elementary school in Pacitan, East Java Indonesia

Questions? For more information, contact:

• Dr. Jennifer Senick, jsenick@rutgers.edu

Lusia Nini Purwajati, nini.purwajati@gmail.com

Related Study Makassar City, Indonesia

 Presence of community practices regarding waste reduction and separation is strongly correlated with perception of community cleanliness. The authors feel that a positive environmental image may translate into involvement and support for sustainable SWM practices.

 Table 7:Four levels of community support for SSWM among group 2 respondents (those actively involved in waste separation practices)  Sugandi Permana et al, 2015. “Sustainable solid waste management practices and perceived cleanliness in a low income city.” Habitat International. Volume 49, 197-205.

Related study Tulungagung, East Java

 Description: K1 = Acknowledgement WM1 = Aspect of regulatory/legal K2 = Understanding WM2 = Aspect of organizational/ K3 = Application institutional K4 = Analysis WM3 = Technical operation K5 = Syntesis WM4 = Financial aspect K6 = Evaluation WM5 = Public participation Ac1 = Perception A1 = Acceptance Ac2 = Integrated response A2 = Response Ac3 = Mechanism A3 = Respect Ac4 = Adaptation A4 = Responsible  Figure 2. Overview of City’s Society Behavior on Waste Management  Sunarto et al, 2014. Influencing Factors on Society Behavior towards Household Waste Management in

• Tulungagung. American Journal of Sociological Research. 4(4): 113-122 DOI:

10.5923/j.sociology.20140404.02

Times Square

(before) (after)

Times Square as a taste of things to come

 Jeff Risom

 Partner, Managing Director  Gehl Studio

 MSc City Design and Social Science

Broadway, Herald Square

(before) (after)

34

 Jeff Risom

 Partner, Managing Director  Gehl Studio

 MSc City Design and Social Science

Planning for Behavior Change towards Sustainability

Petra Hurtado, Urban Sustainability Advisor and Researcher Jennifer Senick, Rutgers Center for Green Building Helen Santiago Fink, AICP Urban Climate Researcher and Consultant Richard Wener, Tandon School of Engineering, NYU

APA 2017 National Planning Conference

Environmental Psychology and Sustainability

Richard Wener Professor Department of Technology, Culture & Society

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Environmental Psychology

Use of systematic methods and theories of behavioral and social sciences to assess & understand behavior in built & natural environment, and to support design process

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At many sca cales

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Institutions Emerged in 1969-70

• First academic Journal (Environment & Behavior)
• First Academic Graduate Degree Program

(CUNY Environmental Psychology program)

• First meeting of Environmental Design Research Association –
• 1969 – North Carolina
• Development of Architectural and Environmental Psychology in

Western Europe

7

Why T The hen?

• What was going on?
• What was special about that time?

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Number o

• f tr

trends i s in so soci ciety, p politics, cs, sci sciences, s, social al scien ences, en environmen ent m mer erged post War ar

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Po Post-WW2 WW2 P Paradigm S m Shifts

Environmental Psychology Approaches to Sustainability

• Impacts of Nature
• Positive - Biophilia
• Negative –Stress
• Impacts on Nature
• Sustainable Design
• Conservation Behaviors

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Environmental Psychology Approaches to Sustainability

• Reducing Negative Impacts on Nature
• Incentives – Contingencies
• Commons Issues
• Post Occupancy Evaluation
• Design for user needs, usability
• Attitude & Values Change
• System Justification explanation of Climate Change denial

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