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Why can they all just get along? Exploring influences on cross-party cooperation among backbench politicians in the Canadian, British and Scottish Parliaments Paul Thomas, PhD Candidate All-Party Groups: characteristics Voluntary

  1. Why can they all just get along? Exploring influences on cross-party cooperation among backbench politicians in the Canadian, British and Scottish Parliaments Paul Thomas, PhD Candidate

  2. All-Party Groups: characteristics • Voluntary • Informal • Backbench driven • Enormous variety

  3. All-Party Groups: activities • Distribute information • Meet with stakeholders • Conduct inquiries • Lobby ministers • Introduce motions and legislation • Some policy influence

  4. Scotland - Growth Total Groups 90 80 70 60 50 Total Groups 40 30 20 10 0 2003 2007 2011 2012

  5. Research problem • Little research in Westminster context • One extensive American study • Can US research be transferred? • Greater hierarchy in Westminster legislatures and parties

  6. Congressional caucuses • Hammond 1998 • Participation driven by goals • Higher among: • Marginal representatives • Newer members

  7. Research questions • Is participation in APGs in Canada, the UK, and Scotland shaped by: • Margin of victory? • Length of service? • Are these relationships constant between position types?

  8. Methodology • 6 Dependent variables: • (executive + membership) x (regional + constituency + total) • 2 Independent variables: • Years served • Margin of victory / regional vote share

  9. Methodology • Controls: • Party and gender • Cabinet and Shadow cabinet • Number of MPs in a party • Number of Groups in operation • Panel data • Random-effects model using GLS

  10. Scotland – Overall results Memberships Executive held posts held 0.3079 Regional 1.2133** 0.0339 Years Served 0.0611 0.1132 Female 1.1845** -1.4192**** Cons. -2.9010** -1.2761*** Labour -2.0738* -0.8537** Lib Dem -1.7299 -1.4214**** SNP -3.1526*** 1.8429 Intercept 8.5899**** # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R 2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R 2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R 2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

  11. Scotland – Overall results Memberships Executive held posts held 0.3079 Regional 1.2133** 0.0339 Years Served 0.0611 0.1132 Female 1.1845** -1.4192**** Cons. -2.9010** -1.2761*** Labour -2.0738* -0.8537** Lib Dem -1.7299 -1.4214**** SNP -3.1526*** 1.8429 Intercept 8.5899**** # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R 2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R 2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R 2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

  12. Scotland – Overall results Memberships Executive held posts held 0.3079 Regional 1.2133** 0.0339 Years Served 0.0611 0.1132 Female 1.1845** -1.4192**** Cons. -2.9010** -1.2761*** Labour -2.0738* -0.8537** Lib Dem -1.7299 -1.4214**** SNP -3.1526*** 1.8429 Intercept 8.5899**** # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R 2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R 2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R 2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

  13. Scotland – results Memberships Executive held posts held 0.3079 Regional 1.2133** 0.0339 Years Served 0.0611 0.1132 Female 1.1845** -1.4192**** Cons. -2.9010** -1.2761*** Labour -2.0738* -0.8537** Lib Dem -1.7299 -1.4214**** SNP -3.1526*** 1.8429 Intercept 8.5899**** # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R 2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R 2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R 2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

  14. Scotland – results Memberships Executive held posts held 0.3079 Regional 1.2133** 0.0339 Years Served 0.0611 0.1132 Female 1.1845** -1.4192**** Cons. -2.9010** -1.2761*** Labour -2.0738* -0.8537** Lib Dem -1.7299 -1.4214**** SNP -3.1526*** 1.8429 Intercept 8.5899**** # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R 2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R 2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R 2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

  15. Scotland – results Memberships Executive held posts held 0.3079 Regional 1.2133** 0.0339 Years Served 0.0611 0.1132 Female 1.1845** -1.4192**** Cons. -2.9010** -1.2761*** Labour -2.0738* -0.8537** Lib Dem -1.7299 -1.4214**** SNP -3.1526*** 1.8429 Intercept 8.5899**** # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R 2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R 2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R 2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

  16. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  17. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  18. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  19. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  20. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  21. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  22. Scotland – results Constituency MSP Constituency MSP Regional MSP Regional MSP Memberships Executive Posts Memberships Executive Posts Margin of victory/ -0.1263** -0.0506** -0.0001 0 % of regional vote -0.0523 0.0192 Years Served 0.0383 0.0344 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317 -0.0943 Female -3.9543 -1.4862 -1.5073*** Cons. -2.8423** -3.7283 -1.589* -2.0613** -1.2652** Labour -3.7587 -1.1872 -2.3538 -1.1323* Lib Dem -4.5889* -1.5452 SNP -3.5266** -1.4203** 2.244 9.2691**** 13.0998 2.7111 Intercept # of obs. 225 225 291 291 139 139 # of MPs 137 137 R 2 within 0.2838 0.1204 0.3042 0.2925 R 2 between 0.2022 0.38 0.0968 0.2008 R 2 overall 0.1453 0.1963 0.3641 0.2386

  23. Conclusions • Cannot directly extrapolate from US • Similar link between participation and margin of victory in UK and regionally in Scotland • However, no relationship with seniority in Scotland; new members less likely to participate in the UK and Canada • Substantial differences between executive and general membership positions in all three jurisdictions

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