Where are we on the time axis? M. B. Patil mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Where are we on the time axis?

• M. B. Patil

mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay July, 2009

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 12 B: Big Bang * 4.5 B: earth formed * 3 B: first sign of life * 600 M: earliest fossils * 64 M: Dinosaurs become extinct * 2.5 M: Paleolithic age begins. Use of stone tools. * 1.8 M: Use of fire * 200 K: speech begins * 100 K: Homo Sapiens (early man) * 70 K: Neanderthal man (northern Europe), use of fire and advance tools * 70 K: Humans begin to use clothing * 28 K: Art (cave paintings in central Europe)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

10 B 1 B 100 M 10 M 1 M 100 K 10 K 1 K

* 17 K: lamps using animal fat fuel (central Europe) * 12 K: domestication of dog for hunting and protection * 10 K: boats (pacific), dug-out logs * 4000 BC: Copper was found (West Asia) * 3000 BC: Addition of tin to melter copper: bronze (harder and more durable than stone and copper) * 3000-2500 BC: old kingdom of Egypt, pyramids were built, astronomical observations begin in Babylonia, China, India * 2772 BC: 365-day calendar started * 2000 BC: iron was found (West Asia) * 2000-1500 BC: decmial system used, dams are built in India for irrigation * 1500-1000 BC: The Upanishads were written

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear!

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato?

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

Note: The time axis has become linear! * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the

• Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving

“laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched

• reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking

without sufficient facts is ineffective.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to

• pen the doors of a temple
• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account

• f warfare against the Mongols
• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account

• f warfare against the Mongols

* 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account

• f warfare against the Mongols

* 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account

• f warfare against the Mongols

* 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account

• f warfare against the Mongols

* 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s

• pinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and

close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s

• pinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and

close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked

• n universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors
• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked

• n universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors

* 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked

• n universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors

* 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked

• n universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors

* 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of

• Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict

between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked

• n universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors

* 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases”

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field).

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog”

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles

• f Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements.
• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles

• f Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements.

* 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles

• f Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements.

* 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles

• f Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements.

* 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles

• f Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements.

* 1870: Joseph Lister, A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable to Wounded Soldiers in the Present War * 1871: The North German Confederation, under the rule of Prussia, defeats France and declares the founding of the German Empire. * 1871: James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Heat * 1873: James Clerk Maxwell published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It burned for 40 hours.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical engineering.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1877-1879: Edison invented the light bulb in 1877. He spent two years experimenting with different types of material (for the filament) including, his own hair, coconut hair, horsehair, straw, fishing line, and wood. Finally, after more than 1,000 trials, he used carbonized thread. On October 19, 1879, at 9:30 p.m., he lit the first light bulb. It burned for 40 hours. * 1882: Edison switched on the world’s first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. * 1882: Darmstadt University of Technology founded the first chair and the first faculty of electrical engineering worldwide. (Before this, EE was considered a part of Physics.) * 1883: Darmstadt University of Technology and Cornell University introduced the world’s first courses of study in electrical engineering. * 1885: University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in the United Kingdom.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1885: Founding of the Indian National Congress for participation in the British govt. of India. * 1886: The University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the United States. * 1887: Nikola Tesla filed a number of patents related to a competing form of power distribution known as alternating current. In the following years, a bitter rivalry between Tesla and Edison, known as the “War of Currents”, took place over the preferred method of distribution. AC eventually replaced DC for generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the safety and efficiency of power distribution. For long-distance distribution, HVDC systems are now found to be effective; they are less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system needs to be considered. Tesla’s work on induction motors and polyphase systems influenced the field for years to come, while Edison’s work on telegraphy and his development of the stock ticker (which transmitted the changing price of gold) proved lucrative for his company, which ultimately became General Electric.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions

• f his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).
• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions

• f his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).

* 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions

• f his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).

* 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions

• f his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).

* 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions

• f his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).

* 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1888: In his classic UHF experiments, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. * 1895: Nikola Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions

• f his New York lab at West Point (a distance of 80.4 km).

* 1896: Alexander Popov made wireless transmissions across 60 m and Guglielmo Marconi, around the same time, made a transmission across 2.4 km. * 1904: John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode. * 1904: Wilson and Stevens discover “accessory chromosomes,” today known as the X and Y chromosomes. * 1905: Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity. * 1908: Henry Ford began production of the Model T

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle”

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1910: Marie Curie, Trait´ e de radioactivit´ e * 1913: Ernest Rutherford, Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations * 1913: Niels Bohr publishes the first model of the atom. * 1914-1918: The First World War. * 1920s: Radioactive Dating techniques are introduced * 1927: Werner Heisenberg explains the “uncertainty principle” * 1928: Paul Dirac, develops mathematical formulations that accounted for the “spin” of electrons * 1929: Edwin Hubble publishes the first major statement about the universe’s actual expansion and the Big Bang. * 1939: Einstein mailed a letter to United States President, F. D. Roosevelt suggesting that an atomic weapon was a very real possibility.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the

• signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This

system was never broken by the Germans.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the

• signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This

system was never broken by the Germans. A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1939-1945: Second World War. Radio location, radio communication and radio guidance of aircraft were developed in Britain during this time. An early electronic computing device, Colossus was built by Tommy Flowers of the GPO to decipher the coded messages of the German Lorenz cipher machine. An American invention at the time was a device to scramble the telephone calls between Churchill and Roosevelt. This was called the Green Hornet system and worked by inserting noise into the

• signal. The noise was then extracted at the receiving end. This

system was never broken by the Germans. A great amount of work was undertaken in the United States as part of the War Training Program in the areas of radio direction finding, pulsed linear networks, frequency modulation, vacuum tube circuits, transmission line theory and fundamentals of electromagnetic engineering. These studies were published shortly after the war in what became known as the ‘Radio Communication Series’ published by McGraw hill 1946. * 1947: Bell Laboratory researchers develop the transfer-resistor or “transistor,” the first successful solid-state amplifying device.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1953: Watson and Crick explain the “double helix” structure of the DNA. * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the Integrated Circuit. * 1960: Theodore Maiman developed the ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratory. * 1962: Light emitting diode: The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962. Losev was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED. * 1968: Marcian Hoff invented the first microprocessor at Intel and thus ignited the development of the personal computer. The first realization of the microprocessor was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor developed in 1971. * 1969: Apollo 11 moon landing mission. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2.5 hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Where are we on the time axis?

1000 2000 −2000

* 1987: Beginning of the Human Genome Project under the National Institute of Health (NIH) * 1988: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time * 1990: Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. * 2005: Right to Information Act is enacted by the Parliament of India; IITans play a major role in the RTI movement. * 2007: Al Gore shares the Nobel Peace Prize with the IPCC; Pachauri represents the IPCC at the awards ceremony. * 2009: Nandan Nilekani, Infosys chief and an IITB alumnus, is invited by Dr. Manmohan Singh to lead the National Unique ID Card project. * ... and the time axis keeps advancing.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb * 1897: Experiments by J.J. Thomson led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter: the electron. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as “cathode rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles,” and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* 18th and 19th centuries: theoretical and experimental studies of electricity, leading to machines and wide use of electricity * 1878: Edison invented the light bulb * 1897: Experiments by J.J. Thomson led to the discovery of a fundamental building block of matter: the electron. He was investigating a long-standing puzzle known as “cathode rays.” His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. He called these particles “corpuscles,” and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. * 1909: measurement of charge of an electron by A. Millikan

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* The English physicist John Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for technology firms, including Edison Telephone. In 1904, he developed a device he called an “oscillation valve” or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming valve and then the diode, it allowed electrical current to flow in only one direction, enabling the rectification of alternating current.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* The English physicist John Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for technology firms, including Edison Telephone. In 1904, he developed a device he called an “oscillation valve” or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming valve and then the diode, it allowed electrical current to flow in only one direction, enabling the rectification of alternating current. * In 1907, Lee De Forest placed a bent wire serving as a screen, later known as the “grid” electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. As the voltage applied to the grid was varied from negative to positive, the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary accordingly. Thus the grid was said to electrostatically “control” the plate current. The resulting three-electrode device was therefore an excellent and very sensitive amplifier of voltages and came to be known as the “triode.”

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* The English physicist John Fleming worked as an engineering consultant for technology firms, including Edison Telephone. In 1904, he developed a device he called an “oscillation valve” or kenotron. Later known as the Fleming valve and then the diode, it allowed electrical current to flow in only one direction, enabling the rectification of alternating current. * In 1907, Lee De Forest placed a bent wire serving as a screen, later known as the “grid” electrode, between the filament and plate electrode. As the voltage applied to the grid was varied from negative to positive, the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate would vary accordingly. Thus the grid was said to electrostatically “control” the plate current. The resulting three-electrode device was therefore an excellent and very sensitive amplifier of voltages and came to be known as the “triode.” * Today, solid-state devices have replaced vacuum tubes in many applications, but for some high-frequency, high-power applications, vacuum tubes are the only practical choice. (They can be huge, several feet in length.)

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* The first half of the 20th century was the era of the vacuum tubes in electronics ⇒ radio, long-distance telephony, television and even the first computers. The most famous computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) completed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* The first half of the 20th century was the era of the vacuum tubes in electronics ⇒ radio, long-distance telephony, television and even the first computers. The most famous computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) completed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.
• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history!

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors).

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes,

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A brief look at history of electronics

* In 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the

• transistor. It was a bipolar transistor made with Germanium material.

The rest is history! * 1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments figured out ways of integrating several semiconductor devices on the same chip. * In the initial phases, people were happy if they could put tens of semiconductor devices on one chip. (Pentium V: > 10 million transistors). * If a modern CPU is made with vacuum tubes, (a) It would not work at the same speed because of parasitic elements associated with wires and the tubes. (b) It would occupy a football field. (c) It would take equivalent of two Niagara falls to cool it.

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

References

* wikipedia * http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/timeline.htm * http://www.imahero.com/herohistory/alva herohistory.htm

• M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay