Where are we on the time axis? Note: The time axis has become linear! −2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) 0 * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? Note: The time axis has become linear! −2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) 0 * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his 1000 most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? Note: The time axis has become linear! −2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) 0 * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his 1000 most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? Note: The time axis has become linear! −2000 * 600 BC: Thales of Miletus, an ancient greek philosopher, described a form of static electricity, noting that rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber, would cause an attraction between the two. * 500 BC: First cataract operation (in India) 0 * 480 BC: Death of Buddha * 479 BC: Death of Confucius * 470-399 BC: Socrates becomes a teacher in Athens. Plato is his 1000 most famous pupil. Socrates was forced to commit suicide for “corruption of the young.” Who was the most famous pupil of Plato? Aristotle. Aristotle was the most respected philosopher during and after the Renaissance. However, in places, Aristotle went too far in deriving 2000 “laws of the universe” from simple observation and over-stretched reason. Today’s scientific method assumes that such thinking without sufficient facts is ineffective. M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 * 460-370 BC: Hipocrates, the best-known ancient physician * 450 BC: Democritus and Leucippus developed an atomic theory that was remarkably similar to the modern atomic theory. The hypothesis held everything to be composed of atoms. But these atoms, called “atomos”, were indivisible, and indestrutable. 0 * 343 BC: Aristotle becomes the tutor of Alexander * 335-327 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, Persia, India * 300 BC: Euclid wrote The Elements (of geometry) 1000 * 180 BC: Romans annexe Greece * 27 BC: official beginning of the Roman Empire (lasts until 410 AD) * ∼ 4 BC: birth of Jesus 2000 * 100 AD: Hero (of Alexandria) describes the use of steam power to open the doors of a temple M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic 1000 state 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic 1000 state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic 1000 state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 130 AD: Ptolemy: The Almagest (or the Mathematical −2000 Composition as he knew it), the most comprehensive astronomical text from antiquity (it has survived in its entirety). It says: (a) The Earth is at the center of the cosmos, (b) The Earth does not move. * 300-400: Invasion of Europe by the Germanic tribes 0 * 330: Capital of the Roman Empire moved to Constantinople; empire divided between east and west * 570: Mohammed, The Prophet, born in Mecca * 630: Return of Mohammed to Mecca, foundation of the Islamic 1000 state * 642: Alexandria captured by the Arabs * 8th-9th century: Numerous ancient texts translated by Arabic scholars; Byzantines busy reading original Greek 2000 * 762: Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur est. Baghdad M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the 1000 celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the 1000 celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s 2000 hypothesis) M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 768-814: Charlemagne rules the Frankish Empire, the first attempt at centralized government in Western Europe since the collapse of −2000 Rome. * 867: The Byzantine church (Eastern Orthodox church) separates from the Roman Catholic Church * 1232: Earliest mention of the use of “rockets” in a Chinese account 0 of warfare against the Mongols * 1299: Glasses, or spectacles, were mentioned in a Florentine manuscript * 1543: Nicolas Copernicus’s Six Books on the Revolution of the 1000 celestial Orbs is published by Andreas Osiander, a Lutheran pastor who included an unauthorized, anonymous note declaring the work as just a hypothesis. * 1552: Giovanni Battista Benedetti showed that velocity of falling bodies is not related to their weights (exactly opposite of Aristotle’s 2000 hypothesis) * 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I, reinstatement of Protestantism in England M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and 0 musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and 0 musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of 1000 Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino 2000 personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1584: Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, burned at the stake for heresy (he held that the universe was infinite) −2000 * 1609: Johannes Kepler’s New Astronomy (Astronomia nova, on the motions of Mars) is published * 1610: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published his The Starry Messenger (bio: born in Pisa; son of a well known composer and 0 musician; grandfather a physician; family had been rich, now were poor; sent to school to be a doctor; instead, became professor of math at the University of Padua. In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered theory of the universe which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of the Basilica of 1000 Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo’s opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino 2000 personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. * 1613: Galileo published his Letters on Sunspots M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1618-1648: The Thirty Years’ War: was one of the most destructive −2000 conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power 0 within the Empire played a significant part. * 1660: Founding of the Royal Society in England * 1665-1666: Isaac Newton’s (1642-1727) “miraculous year.” Worked on universal gravitation, calculus, and theory of colors 1000 * 1687: Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is published * 1751: Publication of the first volume of the Encyclopedia * 1766: Henry Cavendish prepared inflammable air (hydrogen) 2000 * 1768-1771: First Pacific voyage of James Cook who claimed Australia for Britain M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 * 1789: The French Revolution begins. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e ) 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e ) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e ) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France 2000 * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1769: James Watt makes significant improvements to the Newcomen engine, making steam power practical for use in −2000 factories, rail locomotives, and water travel. * 1772: Daniel Rutherford identified nitrogen in air * 1774: Joseph Priestley prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen) * 1776: The American Revolution begins. 0 * 1789: The French Revolution begins. * 1789: Antoine Lavoisier publishes Elementary Treatise on Chemistry * 1793: Execution of Louis XVI in France. (In popular culture, the 1000 phrase “Let them eat cake” is often attributed to Marie Antoinette. However, there is no evidence to support that she ever uttered this phrase, and it is now generally regarded as a journalistic clich´ e ) * 1804: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor of France 2000 * 1807: British prohibition of the slave trade. * 1808: John Dalton publishes volume 1 of his New System of Chemical Philosophy (final vol. 1827) M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1819: Hans Christian Ørsted announces that electric current deflected a magnetized needle, thus demonstrating electromagnetism −2000 * 1823: Michael Faraday presents one of a series of papers on the “Liquefaction of Gases” * 1827: Georg Ohm quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor. 0 * 1830s: Georg Ohm constructed an early electrostatic machine. * 1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates the opposite of the Ørsted Effect by thrusting a bar magnet into a metal coil. Develops the homopolar generator which was the beginning of modern dynamos 1000 (i.e., electrical generators which operate using a magnetic field). * 1831-1836: Charles Darwin voyages on the H. M. S. Beagle * 1835: The British University system is instituted in India * 1836: Daguerre invented the first practical photographic method, 2000 which was named the daguerreotype. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapour to make it sensitive to light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt. M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Where are we on the time axis? * 1859: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection −2000 * 1860: Famous meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science where Thomas Henry Huxley debated Bishop Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin’s theory, earning Huxley the moniker, “Darwin’s Bulldog” 0 * 1861-1865: The US Civil War. * 1866: Invention of the industrial generator by Werner von Siemens. * 1868: Dmitrii Mendeleev publishes the first volume of his Principles of Chemistry which establishes the periodic table of elements. 1000 2000 M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
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