[PDF] - What is group w are? Soft w are sp e cic al ly designed PDF Document

SLIDE 1 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (1) What is group w are? Soft w are sp e cic al ly designed

to

supp

rt

group w

rking
with

co

p

erativ e requiremen ts in mind NOT just to

ls

for comm unication Group w are can b e classied b y

when

and wher e the participan ts are w

rking
the

function it p erforms for co

p

erativ e w

rk

Sp ecic and dicult problems with group w are implemen tion

SLIDE 2 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (2) The Time/Space Matrix Classify group w are b y: when the participan ts are w

rking,

at the same time

r

not where the participan ts are w

rking,

at the same plac e

r

not

same place different place same time different time face-to-face conversation telephone post-it note letter

Common names for axes: time: sync hronous/async hronous place: co-lo cated/remote

SLIDE 3 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (3) Classication b y F unction Co

p

erativ e w

rk

in v

lv

es: P articipan ts who are w

rking

Artefacts up

n

whic h they w

rk

understanding participants artefacts of work

P P A

direct communication control and feedback

What in teractions do es a to

l

supp

rt?

computer-mediated comm unication direct comm unication b et w een participan ts meeting and decision supp

rt

systems common understanding shared applications and artefacts con trol and feedbac k with shared w

rk
b

jects

SLIDE 4 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (4) Email and bulletin b

ards

asynchr

nous/r

emote familiar and most successful group w are Recipien ts

f

email: dir e ct in To: eld c

pies

in Cc: eld deliv ery iden tical | dierence is so cial purp

se

dierences b et w een email and BBs fan

ut
ne-to-one

| email, direct comm unication

ne-to-man

y | email, distribution lists BBs, broadcast distribution con trol sender | email, priv ate distribution list administrator | email, shared distribution list recipien t | BBs, subscription to topics

SLIDE 5 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (5) Structured message systems asynchr

nous/r

emote

`sup

er' email | cross b et w een email and a database

sender

lls in sp ecial elds

recipien

t lters and sorts incoming mail based

n

eld con ten ts Type: Seminar announcemen t To: all From: Alan Dix Subject: departmen tal seminar Time: 2:15 W ednesda y Place: D014 Speaker: W.T. P

h

Title: The Honey P

t

Text: Recen t researc h

n

so cially constructed meaning has fo cused

n

the image

f

the Honey P

t

and its dialectic in terpretation within an encultured hermeneutic. This talk : : : but, w

rk

b y the sender : : : b enet for the recipien t conict glob al structuring b y designer vs. lo c al structuring b y participan ts

SLIDE 6 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (6) Video conferences and comm unication synchr

nous/r

emote T ec hnology emerging: ISDN + video compression ma jor uses:

video

conferences

p

erv asiv e video for so cial con tact

in

tegration with

ther

applications

ften

c heap er than face-to-face meetings (telecom m unications costs vs. air igh ts) but not a substitute:

small

eld

f

view

lac

k

f

recipro cit y

p
r

ey e con tact One solution for lac k

f

ey e con tact | the video-tunnel

camera monitor mirror half-silvered mirror

SLIDE 7 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (7) Meeting and decision supp

rt

systems In design, managemen t and researc h, w e w an t to:

generate

ideas

dev

elop ideas

record

ideas primary emphasis | common understanding Three t yp es

f

system: argumen tation to

ls

asynchr

nous

c

-lo

c ate d recording the argumen ts for design decisions meeting ro

ms

synchr

nous

c

-lo

c ate d elec tronic supp

rt

for face-to-face mee tings shared dra wing surfaces synchr

nous

r emote shared dra wing b

ard

at a distance

SLIDE 8 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (8) argumen tation to

ls

asynchr

nous

c

-lo

c ate d h yp ertext lik e to

ls

to record design r ationale Tw

purp
ses:
remining

the designers

f

the reasons for decisons

comm

unicating rationale b et w een design teams Mo de

f

collab

ration:
v

ery long term

sometim

e s sync hronous use also Example: gIBIS (issue based information system ) v arious no de t yp es including: issues e.g., `n um b er

f

mouse buttons' p

sitions

e.g., `only

ne

button' argumen ts e.g., `easy for no vice' link ed b y relationships suc h as: argumen t supp

rts

p

sition

e.g., `easy for no vice' supp

rts

`only

ne

button'

SLIDE 9 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (9) Meeting ro

ms

synchr

nous

c

-lo

c ate d electronic supp

rt

for face-to-face meetings

individual

terminals (often recessed)

large

shared screen (electronic whiteb

ard)
sp

ecial soft w are

U
r

C shap ed seating around screen V arious mo des: brainstorming, priv ate use, WYSIWIS WYSIWIS | `what y

u

see is what I see' all screens sho w same image an y participan t can write/dra w to screen

SLIDE 10 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (10) T ypical meeting ro

m

shared screen 1 2 3 6 5 4

SLIDE 11 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (11) Issues for co

p

eration Argumen tation to

ls

concurrency con trol t w

p

eople access the same no de

ne

solution is no de lo cking notication mec hanisms kno wing ab

ut
thers'

c hanges Meeting ro

ms
r

holders

ne
r

man y?

r

con trol p

licies

who can write and when? solution: lo cking + so cial proto col group p

in

ter for deictic reference (this and that)

SLIDE 12 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (12) Shared w

rk

surfaces synchr

nous

r emote A t simplest, meeting ro

ms

at a distance, but : : :

additional

audio/video essen tial for so cial pr

to

c

ls

and discussion

net

w

rk

dela ys can b e ma jor problem Additional sp ecial eects:

participan

ts write

n

to large video screen problems with p ar al lax

shado

w

f
ther

participan t's hands app ears

n

screen

electronic

image in tegrated with video and pap er images Example: T eamW

rkStation

remote teac hing

f

Japanese calligraph y studen t's strok es

n

pap er

v

erlaid with video

f

instructor's strok es

SLIDE 13 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (13) Shared Applications and Artefacts Compare purp

se
f

co

p

eration: meeting ro

ms

and decison supp

rt

systems | dev elop shared understanding shared applications and artefacts | w

rk
n

the same

b

jects tec hnology similar but primary purp

se

dieren t man y dieren t mo dalities (time/space matrix) shared windo ws | synchr

nous

r emote/c

-lo

c ate d shared editors | synchr

nous

r emote/c

-lo

c ate d co-authoring systems | largely asynchr

nous

shared diaries | largely asynchr

nous

r emote shared information | an y , but largely asynchr

nous

sync hronous remote applicati

ns

usually require additional audio/video c hannel

SLIDE 14 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (14) Similar { but dieren t Shared PCs and shared windo w systems

Multiplex

k eyb

ard

and screen

Individual

applicatio ns not c

l

lab

r

ation awar e

Flo
r

con trol problems: user A t yp es: `interle ave the' user B t yp es: `keystr

ke

s ' result: `inkey terslt r e aok e ve tshe' Shared editors

An

editor whic h is c

l

lab

r

ation awar e

One

do cumen t | sev eral users

Similar

to shared screen in meeting ro

m

: : : : : : with similar

r

con trol problems!

Additional

problem | m ultiple views

SLIDE 15 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (15) Shared editors | m ultiple views

your screen your colleague’s screen We will look at some of the

ptions and how they affect

the style of cooperation. Thinking about the shared view vs. different view

ptions, it at firstQ

P R Hseems

bvious that we should allow

people to edit different parts of a document. This is certainly true while they are working effectively independently. More adaptable systems are needed to allow for the wide variation betweenQ P R Hgroups, and within the same group

ver time.

We will look at some of the

ptions and how they affect

the style of cooperation. Thinking about the shared view vs. different view

ptions, it at first seems
bvious that we should allow

Options: same view

r

dieren t view single

r

separate insertion p

in

ts Single view = ) scroll w ars Multiple views = ) loss

f

con text with indexic als `I don't lik e the line at the top' `but I just wrote that!'

SLIDE 16 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (16) Co-authoring systems Emphasis is

n

long term do cumen t pro duction, not editing Tw

lev

els

f

represen tation

the

do cumen t itself

annotation

and discussion Often some form

f

h yp ertext structure used Similar problems

f

c

ncurr

ency c

ntr
l

to argumen tation systems Sometimes include r^

les:

author, commen tator, reader, : : : but who decides the r^

les?

and ho w exible are they?

SLIDE 17 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (17) Shared diaries Idea:

mak

e diaries and calendars more easily shared

allo

w automatic meeting sc heduling etc. Issues for co

p

eration: priv acy who can see m y diary en tries? con trol who can write in m y diary? Similar to le sharing issues, but need to b e ligh t wigh t Man y systems ha v e failed b ecause they ignored these issues

SLIDE 18 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (18) Comm unication through the artefact When y

u

c hange a shared application:

y
u

can see the eect | fe e db ack

y
ur

colleages can to

|

fe e dthr

ugh

feedtrough enables c

mmunic

ation thr

ugh

the artefact Not just with `real' group w are Shared data is p erv asiv e:

shared

les and databases

casew
rk

les (often non-electronic)

passing

electronic copies

f

do cumen ts

passing

copies

f

spreadsheets Often need direct comm unication as w ell, but indirect comm unication thr

ugh

the artefact cen tral F ew example s

f

explicit design for co

p

eration. Livewar e is an exce ption, a database with `merging'

f

copies

SLIDE 19 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (19) Time/space matrix revisited

co-located remote synchronous asynchronous

meeting rooms video conferences, video-wall, etc. shared work surfaces and editors shared PCs and windows argumentation tools email and electronic conferences co-authoring systems, shared calendars

SLIDE 20 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (20) Rened time/space matrix

co-located remote (a) concurrent synchronized (a/b) mixed (b) serial (c) unsynchronized

meeting rooms video conferences, video-wall, etc. shared work surfaces and editors shared PCs and windows co-authoring systems, shared calendars argumentation tools email and structured messages electronic conferences

Mobile w

rk

ers and home w

rk

ers ha v e infrequen t comm unication | they require unsynchr

n

ise d group w are F ew `researc h' system s address this area NO curren t system allo ws uid mo v e m e n t b et w een sync hronised/unsync hronised

p

eration

SLIDE 21 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (21) Shared information Gran ularit y

f

sharing c h unk size small | edit same w

rd
r

sen tance large | section

r

whole do cumen t up date frequency frequen t | ev ery c haracter infrequen t | up

n

explicit `send' lev el

f

sharing

utput:

shared

b

ject shared view shared presen tation input: single insertion p

in

t

shared

virtual k eyb

ard

m ultiple insertion p

in

ts

ther

participan ts visible

group

p

in

ter

no

visibilit y

SLIDE 22 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (22) Lev els

f

shared

utput
bject

view presentation

VILLAGE_STATS village houses population Burton 23 79 Marleigh 339 671 Westfield 7 15 Thornby 51 123 select houses, population from VILLAGE_STATS where population < 200 sort by houses ascending houses population 7 15 23 79 51 123

population houses

100 50 50

SLIDE 23 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (23) In tegrating comm unication and w

rk

understanding feedthrough

P P A

direct communication control and feedback deixis

Added: deixis | reference to w

rk
b

jects fe e dthor

ugh

| for comm unication through the artefact Classied group w are b y function it supp

rted

Go

d

group w are |

p

en to all asp ects

f

co

p

eration e.g., annotation s in co-authoring system s em b edding direct comm unication bar co des | form

f

deixis aids diuse large scale co

p

eration

SLIDE 24 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (24) Arc hitectures for group w are I Clien t-serv er arc hitecture

user 1 user 2

. . .

user n client 1 client 2

. . .

client n

server

F eedbac k and net w

rk

dela ys

screen feedback user types local machine client remote machine server application ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄ ➅ ➆ ➇ ➈

A t least 2 net w

rk

messages + four con text switc hes With proto cols 4

r

more net w

rk

messages

SLIDE 25 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (25) Arc hitectures for group w are I I Dieren t arc hitectures: cen tralised | single cop y

f

application and data client-server | simplest case N.B.

pp
site
f

X windo ws clien t/se rv e r master-slave sp ecial case

f

clien t-serv er N.B. serv er merged with

ne

clien t replicated | cop y

n

eac h w

rkstation

also called p e er-p e er + lo cal feedbac k

race

conditions Often `half w a y' arc h tectures:

lo

cal cop y

f

applicati

n
cen

tral database

lo

cal cac he

f

data for feedbac k

some

hidden lo c king

SLIDE 26 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (26) Shared windo w arc hitecture

Non-collab
ration

a w are applications = ) clien t/serv e r approac h corresp

nding

feedbac k problems

no

`functionalit y' | in the application but m ust handle

r

con trol

user 1 user 2

. . .

user n

X X X

user stub 1 user stub 2

. . .

user stub n

application stub application

Xevents Xlib calls

SLIDE 27 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (27) F eedthrough Need to inform all

ther

clien ts

f

c hanges F ew net w

rks

supp

rt

br

adc

a st mes s ages , so : : : n participan ts = ) n

1

net w

rk

mes s age s ! Solution: increase gran ularit y reduce frequency

f

feedbac k but : : : p

r

feedthrough = ) loss

f

shared con text T radeo: timelines s vs. net w

rk

trac Graphical to

lkits

Designed for single user in teraction Problems for group w are include

pre-emptiv

e widgets (e.g., p

p-up

men us)

v

er-pac k aged text (single cursor, p

r

view con trol) notic atio n based to

lkits

with c al lb acks help (see Ch. 10)

SLIDE 28 Human{Computer In teraction, Pren tice Hall A. Dix, J. Finla y , G. Ab

wd

and R. Beale c 1993 Group w are Chapter 13 (28) Robustness and scaleabilit y crash in single-user in terface |

ne

sad user crash in group w are | disaster ! but, group w are complex: net w

rks,

graphics etc.

net

w

rk
r

serv e r fails | standard solutions

clien

t fails | three `R's for serv er: robust | serv er should surviv e clien t crash recongure | detect and resp

nd

to failure resync hronise | catc h up when clien t restarts

errors

in programming defensiv e programming simple algorithms formal metho ds

unforeseen

sequenc e s

f

ev en ts de ad lo ck | nev er use blo c king I/O nev er assume particular

rders

net w

rk

pac k et 6= logical mes s age Scaling up to large n um b ers

f

users? T esting and debugging: hard!