What are Information Systems? Roman Kontchakov Birkbeck, University - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Information Systems Concepts

What are Information Systems?

Roman Kontchakov

Birkbeck, University of London

Based on Chapter 1 of Bennett, McRobb and Farmer: Object Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML, (4th Edition), McGraw Hill, 2010

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Outline

n Information and Information Systems

n Section 1.5 (pp. 33 – 38)

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IS – Types

n Operational Systems automate the routine, day-to-

day record-keeping tasks

n Management Support Systems help managers to

decide or to communicate

n Office Systems automate or assist in the work of

• ffice workers, e.g. clerks, secretaries, typists and

receptionists.

n Real-Time Control Systems typically operate physical

equipment, often in safety-critical settings such as …….

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Level of management Focus of decision making Typical IS applications Typical IT solutions Pivotal concept

Operational

• perative

management day-to-day staff activities and production support payroll, invoicing, purchasing, accounting database, application generator Data Tactical line management policies in support

• f short-term goals

and resource allocation budget analysis, salary forecasting, inventory scheduling, customer service data warehouse, analytical processing, spreadsheets Information Strategic executive/ senior management strategies in support of

• rganizational long-

term objectives market and sales analysis, product planning, performance evaluation data mining, knowledge management Knowledge

• -- Maciaszek, L.A.: Requirements Analysis and System Design, (3rd ed). Addison Wesley, 2007

IS for three levels of management

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Data, Information and Knowledge

n Data = raw facts representing values, quantities, concepts

and events pertaining to business activities

n e.g., telephone numbers

n Information = data that have been processed or summarized

to produce value-added facts, revealing features and trends

n e.g., telephone numbers grouped by their areas, industries

n Knowledge = understanding of information, obtained by

experience or study, and resulting in the ability to do things effectively and efficiently.

n

tacit (in a person’s mind) or documented (in some form)

n e.g., how the telephone numbers can be used in

telemarketing to entice people to buy products

• -- Maciaszek, L.A.: Requirements Analysis and System Design, (3rd ed). Addison Wesley, 2007

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IS: operational systems

n OnLine Transaction Processing (OLTP) systems

n Transaction – a logical unit of work that accomplishes a

particular business task and guarantees the integrity of the database after the task completes

n Database technology

n persistent storage n concurrency control n integrity constraints n security

• -- Maciaszek, L.A.: Requirements Analysis and System Design, (3rd ed). Addison Wesley, 2007

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IS: tactical management systems

n OnLine Analytical Processing (OLAP) systems

n Analysis of pre-existing historical data to facilitate decision

making

n Data warehouse technology

n summarizing (aggregation) n packaging (into graphs, charts, spreadsheets, animations, ...) n partitioning (reducing amount of data)

n Data marts

subset of data relevant to a particular dept/function

n Data webhouses

• -- Maciaszek, L.A.: Requirements Analysis and System Design, (3rd ed). Addison Wesley, 2007

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IS: strategic management systems

n Knowledge Processing Systems

n “know-how” – intellectual capital accumulated through

experience

n Knowledge Management – to help organizations discover,

• rganize, distribute and apply the knowledge encoded in

information systems

n Data mining n association (patters of one event leading to another) n classification (facts that fall into predefined categories) n clustering (categories discovered by an algorithm) n AI techniques à predictive rather than retrospective models

• -- Maciaszek, L.A.: Requirements Analysis and System Design, (3rd ed). Addison Wesley, 2007

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Take Home Messages

n Different Types of Information Systems

n 3 Management Levels

n Data, Information and Knowledge