Week 1 - Foley ABC Certification Preparation Course HISTORY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Week 1 - Foley

ABC Certification Preparation Course

HISTORY – EVOLUTION OF PRACTICE & SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL FIGURES

History of Forensic Science

• Forensic Science: application of science to

law

– Chemistry, Biology, Pathology, Psychology, Physics, Computer Technology etc.

• Many individuals contributed to the start of

Forensic Science

• Sherlock Holmes – the first Forensic

Scientist?

https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062085740/the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes/

Mathieu Orfila – 1787-1853

• Considered one of the founders of forensic toxicology
• Traité des Poisons

– New techniques and improved methods for testing for poisons

• Trial of Marie LaForge

– Accused of murdering her husband with arsenic – Chemists performed Marsh Test and did not find any arsenic in his body – Orfila concluded they had performed the test incorrectly and was able to perform the test at the courthouse and demonstrate the presence of arsenic

Alphonse Bertillon – 1853-1914

• Devised the first scientific system for

personal identification

• Anthropometry – collection of body

measurements for an individual’s identity

– Eventually replaced by fingerprinting

• “Father of Criminal Identification”

Francis Galton – 1822-1911

• First definitive study of fingerprints
• Developed classification system for filing fingerprints
• Published Fingerprints

– Uniqueness of fingerprints – Permanence of fingerprints

http://galton.org/fingerprinter.html

Karl Landsteiner & Leone Lattes

• Landsteiner: discovered the ABO blood groups

in 1901

• Lattes: developed procedure for determining

blood groups

– Began to apply to Criminal Investigations

https://www.sutori.com/item/1915-leone-lattes-a-professor-at-the-institute-of-forensic-medicine-at-the-uni

Calvin Goddard – 1891-1954

• U.S. Army Colonel
• Developed techniques to examine bullets using a comparison

microscope

Albert S. Osborn – 1858-1946

• Father of question document examination

– Emphasis on scientific examination

• Questioned Documents – 1910

– Methods for the examination of documents

• Founded American Society of Questioned

Document Examiners (ASQDE) in 1942

Walter C. McCrone – 1916-2002

• World’s “Preeminent” microscopist
• Published numerous books,

journals, and created a research institute

• Applied his techniques to thousands
• f criminal and civil cases

Hans Gross – 1847-1915

• Public prosecutor and Judge in Graz, Austria
• First to describe the application of science to the field criminal

investigation

• Book: Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als

System der Kriminalistik – Criminal Investigation

– Microscopy, Chemistry, Physics, Mineralogy, Zoology, Botany, Anthropometry, Fingerprinting

• Scientific Journal: Archiv für Kriminal

Anthropologie und Kriminalistik

Edmond Locard – 1877-1966

• Education in medicine and law
• Worked with Lyons PD to start a

laboratory

• Started with a microscope and

spectrometer

Edmond Locard – 1877-1966

• Locard’s Exchange Principle

– Every contact leaves a trace – Perpetrator will bring something to a crime scene and take something away

• Can be used to link a person to a particular location or victim

– Importance of recognizing and collecting trace evidence

• Hair, fiber, paint, etc

Historical Records of Forensic Science Application

• 3rd Century China

– Yi Yu Ji – Manuscript – Describes a case of a coroner’s investigations into the death of a body – Replicated the burning use pig’s corpses – Use of fingerprints for transactions

• 1978 - François-EmanualFodéré

– A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health

Historical Records of FS Application

• 1775 – Carl Wilhelm Schelle

– Detection of arsenic in corpses

• 1806 – Valentin Ross

– Detection of arsenic in walls of stomach

• 1828 – William Nicol

– Polarizing Microscope

• 1839 – Henri Louis Bayard

– Microscopic Detection of spermatozoa

• 1839 – James Marsh

– Use of toxicological evidence at trial

• 1853

– Microcrystalline Test for hemoglobin

• 1863

– First presumptive test for blood

• 1850’s-60’s

– Forensic Photography

Forensics in the U.S.

• After WWI labs formed in Vienna, Berlin, Sweden, Finland,

Holland

• First forensic laboratory: LAPD in 1923
• FBI developed National Forensics Lab in 1932
• FBI’s Forensic Science Research

and Training Center in 1981

• J. Edgar Hoover

LAPD Forensic Lab