Weather Unit Weather 101 Video from National Geographic 3:19 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Weather Unit

Weather 101 Video from National Geographic 3:19

Weather Vocabulary

• 1. Atmosphere – the blanket of air surrounding earth
• 2. Troposphere – the layer of air closest to earth’s surface
• 3. Stratosphere – most of the earth’s ozone is here, air is

very dry so clouds are rare

• 4. Mesosphere – coldest layer, meteorites break apart here
• 5. Thermosphere – five times as deep as all other layers

combined, hottest layer

What factors interact to cause weather?

 Heat energy, air pressure, winds, and moisture  Almost all the earth’s energy comes from radiant

energy (the sun).

 Radiant energy is called radiation  The atmosphere helps warm the earth by absorbing,

storing, and recycling the sun’s radiant energy.

BrainPop Atmosphere 2:52 Introduction to Our Atmosphere 5:23 The Structure of Our Atmosphere video 5:05 Blue books pages 12-13 Textbook pages 398-399

The sun’s energy that is absorbed by the

earth is spread throughout the atmosphere in 3 basic ways:

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation

How is heat transferred?

Brainpop Heat Studyjams - heat BillNye Video - Heat Textbook pages 578-586

Weather Vocabulary

• 6. Heat – the transfer of thermal energy between objects with

different temperatures

• 7. System – a group of separate elements that work together to

accomplish something

• 8. Conduction – the transfer of heat from one object directly to

another

• 9. Convection – the transfer of heat through the movement of a gas or

a liquid

10.Radiation – the transfer of energy by means of waves that move

through matter and space

11.Reflection – the bouncing of heat or light off an object

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

Weather Vocabulary

• 12. Greenhouse effect – process in which carbon dioxide and
• ther gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation from the

sun, forming a “heat blanket” around the earth.

 What are infrared rays? (figure 1-4)

 Can’t be seen but you feel them as heat  Can’t pass through the atmosphere into space  CO2 and other gases absorb these rays form the heat blanket

 What happens to a car on a sunny day?  What are other examples of the Greenhouse effect?  Could we live without the Greenhouse Effect?

• Brainpop- Greenhouse Effect
• Acid rain and greenhouse gas

Weather book pages 14-16

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

• Areas at or near the equator receive the most radiant energy and have the

highest temperatures.

• CO2 is produced

by burning fossil fuels

• (coal, oil, and

natural gas) Infrared rays are absorbed by CO2 and gases and TRAPS the heat

• Temperatures at

the earth’s surface increase

What are temperature variations of the Earth?

Weather Vocabulary

• 13. Thermometer – instrument used to measure

temperature

• 14. temperature – the degree of heat in a substance or
• bject, expressed in Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees.

 How does the position of the earth determine temperature?

Answer: Areas at or near the equator receive the most radiant energy and have the highest temperatures.

Weather book pages 17-18 Textbook page 400 Seasons and the Sun: Crash Course for Kids 3:56

Section 1-1 Review

• 1. What are the factors that interact to cause weather?
• 2. What are three ways by which heat energy is spread

throughout the atmosphere?

• 3. How does the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the earth

affect the temperature at the earth’s surface?

• 4. How is carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere similar to the

glass in a greenhouse?

Weather book page 18

Section 1-1 Review

1.

What are the factors that interact to cause weather?

heat energy, air pressure, winds, and moisture

• 2. What are three ways by which heat energy is spread throughout the

atmosphere?

conduction, convection, and radiation

• 3. How does the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the earth affect

the temperature at the earth’s surface?

Areas near the equator receive the most direct rays of the sun and have the highest

• temperatures. Areas that receive less direct rays have lower temperatures.
• 4. How is carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere similar to the glass in

a greenhouse?

CO2 acts like a glass and traps heat.

Weather book page 18

Weather Vocabulary

• 15. Air pressure – measure of

the force of air pressing down on the earth’s surface

• 16. Barometer – instrument

used to measure air pressure

What is the relationship between density of air and air pressure?

Weather book pages 19-21 Textbook page 399 Brainpop Weather Studyjams - Air pressure and winds

• Density:
• Denser air has more MASS than less dense air
• Denser air exerts more air pressure against the earth’s surface than less

dense air

• Air Pressure:
• Air pressure depends on the density of air
• Greater the density, greater the air pressure
• Air pressure is affected by 3 factors:
• 1. Temperature
• 2. Water vapor
• 3. Elevation

MASS is how much matter is in an object.

Location is everything!

Warm location

 high temperatures  “stormy weather”  moist air  lower air pressure  less dense air

Cold location

 low temperatures  dryer air  higher air pressure  “fair weather”  more dense air

High elevation

 low temperatures  air is thinner  lower air pressure  less dense air

Section 1-2 Review Fill in the Blanks!

• 1. Air pressure at any place on earth is equal to the _____________ of air

directly above it.

• 2. Three factors, ____________, ____________, and ____________ affect air

pressure.

• 3. When air is heated, contains water vapor, or is at a high elevation, it is

____________dense and produces ____________air pressure.

• 4. A ____________measures air pressure and helps to forecast the weather.
• 5. ____________ pressure usually means fair weather because the “heavy”

air does not allow ____________to form in the upper atmosphere.

Weather Vocabulary

17.Local winds – movements of air that result from local

changes in temperature

18.Sea breeze – flow of air from the sea to the land 19.Land breeze – flow of air from the land to the sea 20.Monsoon - seasonal wind that flows land to ocean part of

the year

Vocab Assignment #1

What are the different types of local winds?

• 1. Sea Breeze
• Blows from the sea to the land
• During the day
• Warm air over the land rises
• Cooler air over the sea moves inland

Weather book pages 22-23 Textbook page 401 land breeze and sea breeze videos Brainpop - Wind

• 2. Land Breeze
• Blows from the land to the sea “off-shore breeze”
• At night
• Warm air over the sea rises
• Cooler air over the land moves out to sea

3.

Monsoon – seasonal wind

Local Winds

 Local and global winds are caused by difference in air pressure due to unequal heating

• f the atmosphere

 The name of the wind tells you the direction from which the wind came from  Local winds blow from any direction & cover a short distance  Types of Local Winds:

• 1. Sea Breeze
• 2. Land breeze
• 3. Monsoon –seasonal wind
• Part of the year => blows land to ocean
• Other parts of the year => blows ocean to land and brings warm, moist air,

rainy season, warm temps, & huge amounts of rain

• Common to Asia and very important to farmers

Weather Vocabulary

• 21. Prevailing winds – global winds that blow

constantly from the same direction

• 22. Coriolis effect – shift in wind direction caused

by the rotation of the earth (Northern winds curve right, Southern winds curve left)

• 23. Doldrums – surface winds located at the equator

that are quite calm

• 24. Trade winds – moves back toward the equator,

warm, steady winds, great for travel

Weather Vocabulary

• 25. Prevailing westerlies – cool, sinking air that moves

toward the North & South poles, travels west to east, strong winds

26.Polar easterlies – extremely cold air flowing toward the

equator from the poles, travels east to west

27.Jet stream – a narrow belt of strong, high-speed, high

pressure air, flows from west to east at altitudes above 12 km (7 miles)

28.Anemometer – an instrument that is used to measure

wind speed

29.Wind vane – an instrument that is used to measure wind

direction

What are global winds?

 Global Winds

• Blow from a specific direction

and for long distances

Review question: How are

local winds different than global winds?

• Temps near the poles is lower,

cooler air sinks & moves to equator

• Temps near equator is higher,

warm air rises & moves to poles

 4 types of global winds 1.Doldrums

• 2. Trade winds
• 3. Prevailing westerlies
• 4. Polar easterlies

Weather book pages 24-28 Textbook page 402

Coriolis Effect

 Causes the winds to curve!  Earth rotates west to east  Winds in northern hemisphere

curve right

 Winds in the southern hemisphere

curve left

• 1. Doldrums
• Located at the equator
• Calm, weak, or no winds
• Receives the most radiant energy
• 2. Trade Winds
• 30° north & south of the equator
• Sky is clear, few clouds, little rain, winds are calm
• “Horse latitudes”
• Airplanes use these winds to increase speed & save fuel from east to

west

• Early sailors used these winds to sail to the New World

Global Winds

• 3. Prevailing Westerlies
• located 40° to 60° latitude
• very strong winds
• cool sinking wind headed towards

north & south poles

• 4. Polar Easterlies
• located 60° to 90° latitude
• Cold but weak winds
• Travel from the east to west

Global Winds

Jet Stream

• Narrow belt of strong, high

powered, high pressure air

• Flows west to east at high

altitudes

• Airplanes can use it to

increase speed and save fuel

Jet Stream Video

Section 1-3 Review (Weather bk page 28)

• 1. What are the differences between local winds and global

winds? How are they alike?

• 2. What causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to curve to the

right as they move?

• 3. Name the earth’s four major wind belts.
• 4. Describe movements of the three major global winds in terms
• f unequal heating and the Coriolis effect.
• 5. An airplane trip for New York city to Los Angeles takes

longer than the return trip from Los Angeles to new York. Explain why.

Section 1-3 Review

• 1. -Local winds-any direction & cover short distances.
• Global winds-specific direction & long distances.
• Both caused by differences in air pressure due to

unequal heating of the atmosphere.

• 2. Coriolis effect
• 3. doldrums, trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar

easterlies.

• 4. The Coriolis effect deflects all three major

global winds (trade winds, prevailing westerlies, and polar easterlies) to the right in the Northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

• 5. Airplane pilots flying from west to east can

use the jet stream to increase speed and save fuel. Section 1-3 Review

Weather Vocabulary

• 30. Water Cycle – the process in which water continuously moves

from earth’s surface into the atmosphere and back again (evaporation and precipitation)

31.Evaporation – the process of a liquid changing into a gas 32.Condensation – the process by which a gas changes into a liquid 33.Humidity – a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air 34.Precipitation – water that falls from the atmosphere as rain, sleet,

snow, or hail

35.Rain gauge – instrument used to measure rainfall

• 36. Relative humidity – percentage of moisture in the air at a

particular temperature

37.Psychrometer – instrument used to measure relative humidity 38.Cumulus clouds – puffy clouds that indicate fair weather, but as

it grows rain can develop

39.Stratus clouds – form low in the atmosphere and cover the sky,

moderate rainfall or snowfall is possible

40.Cirrus clouds – form high in the atmosphere, made mostly of

ice crystals

41.Cumulonimbus clouds – produce moderate to heavy rain, hail,

• r snow

Vocab Assign #2

Weather Vocabulary

What are the parts of the water cycle?

• Brainpop - Water Cycle
• Studyjams - The Water Cycle

Weather book pages 30-34 Textbook page 408-412

What are the forms of water vapor in the air?

 Clouds

• Dew point-the temperature at

which water vapor condenses

• Clouds form when moisture

in the air condenses on dust

• r other solids in the air

 4 types of Precipitation:

• rain, sleet, snow, or hail

 3 main types of clouds:

• 1. Cumulus
• 2. Stratus
• 3. Cirrus

Weather book pages 30-34

• Cloud video
• Brainpop clouds
• Studyjams - clouds and precipitation

Discovery Ed Clouds 23:46

Section 1-4 Review

1.What is the difference between humidity and

relative humidity?

• 2. How does moisture enter the air? Page 29
• 3. What are the three main types of clouds? What are

the four main types of precipitation?

• 4. How is relative humidity measured? How is

rainfall measured?

Weather book page 34

Section 1-4 Review

• 1. They are the same except relative humidity is

the percent of moisture in the air

• 2. through the evaporation of water
• 3. 3 types of clouds-cumulus, stratus, and cirrus.

4 types of precipitation-rain, sleet, snow, and hail.

• 4. Relative humidity is measured with a
• psychrometer. Rainfall is measured with a rain

gauge.

Weather book page 34

Section 1-5 Weather Patterns

 Two properties of air masses:

• 1. Temperature
• 2. Humidity

 Four main types of air masses in

the US:

• 1. Maritime tropical
• 2. Maritime polar
• 3. Continental tropical
• 4. Continental polar

National Geographic Climate and Weather 3:24 Magic School Bus Kicks Up a Storm 26:00

Four Types of Fronts

Mass of cold air pushes under a mass or warm air

• Violent storms then fair cool weather

Mass of warm air moves over a mass of cold air

• Rain then hot & humid weather

A cold front overtakes a warm front

• Less extreme weather than a cold or warm front

A mass of warm air meets a mass of cold air & no movement occurs

• Rains for many days

Cold Front Warm Front Occluded Front Stationary Front

Section 1-5 Review

• 1. What are two important properties of an air mass?

What are the four major types of air masses that affect the weather in the US?

• 2. What is a front? Name four different types of fronts.
• 5. Saskatchewan, Canada, has hot summers, cold

winters, and stormy weather in spring and autumn. Explain this weather in terms of major air masses.

Section 1-5 Review

1.

temperature and humidity, 4 types of air masses in the US are maritime tropical, maritime polar, continental tropical, and continental polar.

2.

A front is a boundary between two air masses that do not mix. Four types of fronts are: cold fronts, warm fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts.

5.

In Saskatchewan, cold air masses sweep down from the Arctic and warm air masses move up from the gulf of Mexico.

• In summer-warm air masses are larger, in winter-cold air

masses are larger, in spring and fall- the 2 air masses clash and result in stormy weather

STORMS!

Super Hurricanes and Typhoons National Geographic 40:44

• Brainpop - Thunderstorms
• Brainpop - Hurricanes
• Brainpop - Natural Disasters

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/magazine/ my-shot-minute/ngm-stormy-weather-msm http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140 219-great-plains-supercell-thunderstorm-video/

Weather Vocabulary

• 42. Meteorologists – interpret weather information from local weather observers,

balloons, satellites, and weather stations around the world

• 49. Climate– general conditions of temperature and precipitation for an area over a long

period of time

• 50. Latitude – the lines running horizontally measuring the distance north and south of

the equator

• 51. Elevation – altitude, distance above sea level

52.Windward side– mountain side facing toward the wind, receives a lot of precipitation

• 53. Leeward side – mountain side facing away from the wind, little precipitation
• 54. Rain shadow effect – the area on the leeward side of the mountain with a dry climate

Weather Vocabulary

• 55. Polar zone – 60 to 90 latitude has the coldest average temperatures
• 56. Temperate zone – 30 to 60 latitude, middle latitude climates
• 57. Tropical zone - 0 to 30 latitude, high temperatures and humidity
• 58. Global Warming – a gradual increase in the temperature of the earth's

atmosphere caused by to the Greenhouse effect

• 59. El Niño – irregular climatic changes off the equatorial Pacific region every

few years, causes unusually warm water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December

60.La Nina – irregular climatic changes causing cooling of the water in the

equatorial Pacific, less extensive and damaging than El Niño.

Section 2-1 What Causes Climate?

Climate is determined by 2 factors: temperature and precipitation 3 factors that affect temperature

• 1. Latitude - measure of distance from the

equator

• 2. Elevation - as elevation increases,

temperature decreases

• 3. Ocean currents
• Gulf Stream - warm water currents
• California Current - cold water currents

How does the temperature of water affect the temperature

• f the air above it?

 Warm water warms the air so land

areas near warm water currents have warm temperatures

 Discuss: How does the Gulf Stream

affect the climate of the eastern US?

 Cold water cools the air so land

areas near cold water currents have cool temperatures

 Discuss: How does the CA current affect

the climate of the west coast?

2 factors that affect precipitation

1.Prevailing winds 2.Mountain Ranges

• Windward side - “wind

side” most rain

• Leeward side – “rain

shadow” little rain

Windward Leeward Rainshadow effect 2:00

• 1. What two factors determine climate? What conditions influence these

factors?

• 2. Describe how cold water currents and warm water currents affect the

climate in locations near these currents.

• 3. Explain the following conditions:

a)

The peak of a mountain near the equator is covered with snow throughout the year.

b)

Deserts are located on at the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains.

• 4. Suppose that you live in a coastal region on the windward side of a

mountain range. A warm water current flows along the coast. Describe the climate in your region.

Section 2-1 Review

• 1. Temperature and precipitation
• latitude, altitude, and ocean currents influence temperature
• prevailing winds and mountain ranges influence precipitation
• 2. Warm water currents heat the air, cold water currents cool the air

3.

• a. temperature depends on altitude so even though the mountain is near the

equator, it can be cold enough for snow

3.

• b. on the leeward side of the rocky mountains the air is very dry and desert like
• 4. Warm, wet climate

Section 2-1 Review

Section 2-2 Climate Zones

3 Climate Zones

• 1. Polar Zone (60-90)
• Coldest temperatures (below 0⁰) artic climate
• No summer, little precipitation
• 2. Temperate Zone (30-60)
• Where we live!
• moderate temperature and rainfall
• cool rain forests to hot rain forests, inland deserts
• 3. Tropical Zone (0-30)
• Highest temperatures
• high humidity & precipitation, no winter

Marine and Continental climates

• Marine climates

 near an ocean or other

large body of water

 More precipitation  Temperatures don’t vary

greatly (warm summers and mild winters)

• Continental climates

 located within a large

landmass

 Drier climate  Temperatures vary greatly

(hot summers and cold winters)

Section 2-2 Review

• 1. What are earth’s three major climate zones?
• 2. Describe the location of each major climate zone.

What conditions of temperature and precipitation are typical of each zone?

• 3. What is the difference between a marine climate and

a continental climate?

• 4. Why is it summer in the Southern Hemisphere when it

is winter in the Northern Hemisphere?

Section 2-2 Review

• 1. Polar, temperate, tropical
• 2. Polar 60⁰ -90⁰, Coldest temps, little precipitation

Temperate 30⁰ - 60⁰, moderate temperature and rainfall Tropical 0⁰ - 30⁰, highest temps and precipitation

• 3. Marine climates are near oceans and continental

climates are within large landmasses

• 4. The hemisphere of earth that is tilted toward the sun

has summer, the one tilted away has winter

Section 2-3 Changes in Climate

El Niño

• means “The Little Boy” or “Christ

Child” in Spanish because it occurs near the Christmas season

• periodic warming of water in the

Pacific Ocean every few years

• Causes rising heavy rains & flooding,

wet winters in southeastern US, droughts in Western US

La Niña

 means The Little Girl in Spanish  periods of cooler temperatures in the

east-central Equatorial Pacific

 opposite those of El Niño impacts

Ocean Service El Nino and La Nina National Geographic El Nino