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Considerations
▪ Evacuation conditions ▪ Validation of software ▪ Simulex algorithm ▪ Selection of occupants ▪ Construction of geometry ▪ In practice
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Validating a Simulex Model Brian Thompson, P.E. AEGIS Engineering - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Validating a Simulex Model Brian Thompson, P.E. AEGIS Engineering - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Validating a Simulex Model Brian Thompson, P.E. AEGIS Engineering Considerations Evacuation conditions Validation of software Simulex algorithm Selection of occupants Construction of geometry In practice 2 Evacuation
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Evacuation Conditions
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Simulation Parameters
▪ Occupants accounted for ▪ Environmental conditions ▪ Movement characteristics
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Occupant Accounting
▪ Partial Evacuation ▪ Full Evacuation
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Model Environment
▪ Smoke-free ▪ Accumulating smoke layer ▪ Near tenability threshold
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State-of-Mind
▪ Laissez-faire/flippant ▪ Intentional/reasoned ▪ Frightened/panicked
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Validation of Software
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Partial Behavioral
▪ Rates of body twist ▪ Acceleration/deceleration ▪ Speed fluctuations ▪ Inter-person distance
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Validation Tests
▪ Department stores ▪ Office buildings ▪ Lecture theatres ▪ Sports stadia egress areas ▪ University buildings ▪ Mock-up building geometries
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Lecture Theatre
▪ 1-story + intermediate floor ▪ 278 occupants ▪ Simulex travel time: 93 sec. ▪ Actual travel time: 90 sec. ▪ IBC (93 x 1.5) = 140 sec.
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Law School
▪ 5-story ▪ 494 occupants ▪ Simulex travel time: 161 sec. ▪ Actual travel time: 170 sec. ▪ IBC (161 x 1.5) = 242 sec.
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Business School
▪ 8-story ▪ 716 occupants ▪ Simulex travel time: 178 sec. ▪ Actual travel time: 220 sec. ▪ IBC (178 x 1.5) = 267 sec.
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Simulex Algorithm
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Operations
▪ Evaluates building geometry ▪ Creates “distance map” ▪ Preset occupant population ▪ Occupants follow shortest path
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Distance Map
▪ Travel distance isolines ▪ Geometry gaps
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Occupant Travel
▪ Aligned with distance map ▪ Perpendicular to isolines ▪ Inability to get unstuck
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Occupant Population
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Population Group
▪ Body size variable ▪ Speed 0.8 - 1.7 m/s
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Location
▪ Boundary-free ▪ Distance map
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Construction
- f Geometry
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Building Geometry
▪ Refinement ▪ Alterations ▪ Iterative modifications
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Refinement
▪ Automatic ▪ Manual
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Alterations
▪ Aisle width ▪ Narrow gaps
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Iterative Modifications
▪ Remove impediments ▪ Modify distance map
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Case Studies
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Sample Projects
▪ Multi-purpose arena ▪ Theatre
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Multi-Use Arena
▪ Trade shows ▪ Sporting events ▪ Concerts
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Trade Show
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Observations
▪ Distributed population ▪ Generally free movement
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Sporting Event
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Observations
▪ Concentrated population ▪ Restricted movement
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Grandstands
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Divide Rows
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Eliminate Gap
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Exit Distribution
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Engineering Judgment
▪ Reduce bleacher depth ▪ Limit travel in seating row ▪ Invert exit access
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Concert
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Time 0:15
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Time 0:30
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Time 0:45
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Time 1:45
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Time 2:45
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Time 3:30
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Time 4:30
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Time 6:00
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Engineering Judgment
▪ Limit travel within row ▪ Forced exit distribution ▪ Queuing vs. available exits
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Tiered Theatre Seating
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Time 1:00
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Time 3:30
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Time 5:00
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Time 6:00
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Time 8:00
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Time 9:30
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Time 11:00
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Engineering Judgment
▪ Deleted seat obstructions ▪ Limited travel within row ▪ Forced exit distribution ▪ Queuing vs. available exits ▪ Account for jams
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Validation Factors
▪ Comparable to test data ▪ Absence of panic ▪ Aisles equalize rows ▪ Queuing vs. exit availability ▪ Rational manipulations
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Potential Refinement
▪ Multi-story stairs ▪ Effects of pillar at exit ▪ Alter movement speed
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