Urban an p plan annin ing an and t tran ansport i infrastructure provis isio ion in the Rands ndstad, d, N Netherlands nds – a global ci city ty cl clust ster ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 1 Delft Dominic S Stea ead & E Eve vert Mei eije jers University of Technology Challenge the future
The N Netherlands China • 16.8 million inhabitants • 1,357 million inhabitants (64th largest population) (largest population) • 17th largest economy • 2nd largest economy • 450 people per km 2 • 141 people per km 2 • 3.2% increase in population • 4.4% increase in population (2004-2013) (2004-2013) • 3.8% increase in urban • 22.6% increase in urban population (2004-2010) population (2004-2010) • 0.52 cars per capita • 0.12 cars per capita • >1 bicycle per capita ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 2
Modal s split i in t the N Netherlands car (driver) car (driver) train car (passenger) 49% 32% 2% 14% bus/tram/metro other 3% 3% foot cycle other 18% 28% 6% foot 3% cycle 8% bus/tram/metro train car (passenger) 3% 8% 23% by distance by trip ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 3
Urbanisat ation in the Netherlan ands 100 1960-2012 USA Netherlands 60-84% 80 Urban population (%) USA 70-83% Netherlands 60 China 16-52% 40 China 20 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 4
Urbanisation in t the N Netherlan ands, 1 1950 rijksoverheid.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 5
Urbanisation in t the N Netherlan ands, 2 2010 rijksoverheid.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 6
The Randstad • High-density, low-rise • Large proportion of the country’s population • No dominant core city • Not a tier of government • No official boundary • One of Europe’s most populous metropolitan regions (after London, Rhine- Ruhr, Paris and Milan) rijksoverheid.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 7
The Randstad Contains the 4 largest cities in NL: - Amsterdam (0.8 million) - Rotterdam (0.6 million) - the Hague (0.5 million) - Utrecht (0.3 million) Total population ≈ 7 million 90km > 40% of NL population Another 7 cities with >100,000 residents: Almere, Amersfoort, Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden, Zaanstad, Zoetermeer Polycentric, networked urban structure 90km ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 8
The Randstad Complementary urban functions - Amsterdam: culture and finance - Rotterdam: shipping and trade - The Hague: government and international organisations - Utrecht: health and service sectors ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 9
Urbanisation and rail i infrastruct cture d deve velopment Amsterdam The Hague Utrecht Rotterdam d.kasraianmoghaddam@tudelft.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 10
Ra Rail network ork High-frequency (Randstad) Busiest network in EU: >1 million passengers/day Polycentric network less vulnerable to blockage fairriqh.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 11
Commuting patterns – flows Amsterdam Utrecht The Hague Rotterdam Ritsema van Eck, J. & Snellen, D. (2006). Is the Randstad a city network? Evidence from commuting patterns. Paper presented at the European Transport Conference , Strasbourg, 18-20 September 2006. ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 12
Commuting patterns – direct ction o of f flows symmetry asymmetry Amsterdam Utrecht The Hague Rotterdam Ritsema van Eck, J. & Snellen, D. (2006). Is the Randstad a city network? Evidence from commuting patterns. Paper presented at the European Transport Conference , Strasbourg, 18-20 September 2006. ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 13
Commu mmuting – lowe wer-skilled Amsterdam Utrecht The Hague Rotterdam Burger, M. van der Knaap, B. & Wall, R.S. (2014). Polycentricity and the Multiplexity of Urban Networks. European Planning Studies 22(4) 816-840 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.771619 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 14
Commu mmuting – higher-skilled Amsterdam Utrecht The Hague Rotterdam Burger, M. van der Knaap, B. & Wall, R.S. (2014). Polycentricity and the Multiplexity of Urban Networks. European Planning Studies 22(4) 816-840 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.771619 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 15
Business trave vel Amsterdam Utrecht The Hague Rotterdam Burger, M. van der Knaap, B. & Wall, R.S. (2014). Polycentricity and the Multiplexity of Urban Networks. European Planning Studies 22(4) 816-840 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.771619 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 16
Shopping Amsterdam Utrecht The Hague Rotterdam Burger, M. van der Knaap, B. & Wall, R.S. (2014). Polycentricity and the Multiplexity of Urban Networks. European Planning Studies 22(4) 816-840 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.771619 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 17
Urban networks rijksoverheid.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 18
Urban f form, ci city cl clusters a and urban performance • Ideas about city clusters are not new • Whether city clusters perform economically, environmentally or socially better than single cities of the same size has not been established conclusively • Agglomeration benefits/ ‘borrowed size’ (+) • ‘Agglomeration shadows’ (-) Ebeneezer Howard 1898 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 19
Urban grow rowth, 1 1950 950s • post-war reconstruction • extensive city expansion, suburbanisation • protection of the ‘Green Heart’ • concerns about overcrowding, air quality, healthy living conditions • increasing motorisation, some cuts in rail infrastructure ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 20
Urban grow rowth, 1 1960 960s-1980s Hoorn (1966) Alkmaar (1972) Lelystad (1967) Purmerend (1960) Almere (1976): 0.18m Haarlemmermeer (1981) Huizen (1967) Houten (1979) Zoetermeer (1962) 0.12m Nieuwegein (1974) Spijkenisse (1977) Capelle aan den IJssel (1977) Hellevoetsluis (1976) Bontje, M. (2003). A ‘Planner's Paradise’ Lost? Past, Present and Future of Dutch National Urbanization Policy. Eur. Urban & Regional Studies 10(2) 135-151 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776403010002003 ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 21
ZOETERMEER Rail backbone – local and regional infrastruct.wordpress.com ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 22
Rail axis Cycle network Access restrictions for cars reflecturban.wordpress.com ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 23
Urban grow rowth, 1990 990s-2010 • urban extensions • compactness • public transport services provided late • proximity to motorways increased car-reliance ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 24
Urban grow rowth, post st-2010 Urban infill Smaller-scale but not individual Location strongly related to transport infrastructure ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 25
Ke Key i issues i in transport p policy • dense road, rail and waterway networks – all heavily used • importance of the transport sector to the national and regional economy • linking the urban network • maximising the use of capacity • promoting more use of integrated modes • reducing adverse impacts (e.g. air quality; landscape intrusion) ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 26
Hi High-speed rail – linking t the urban n network 120 km HST line Completed in 2009 at a cost of €7,195 m Delays due to safety system and rolling stock problems fairriqh.nl ITF/TPRI Roundtable on Integrated Transport Development Experiences of Global City Clusters 27
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