Units of Energy Unit Term Recalculation J Joule 1000 J = 1000 Ws = 1 kJ cal Calorie 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4,186 kJ Wh Watt-hour 1 Wh = 3,6 kJ ce Coal equivalent 1 (kg)ce = 29.308 kJ oe Oil equivalent 1 (kg)oe = 41.868 kJ m 3 natural gas 1 m 3 natural gas = 31.736 kJ Volume natural gas BTU British Thermal Unit 1 BTU = 0,00029 kWh = 1,055 kJ kpm Kilopond metres 1 kpm = 2,72*10 6 kWh = 0,0098 kJ 1 eV = 1,6*10 -19 J = 1,6*10 -22 kJ eV Electron volt
Final Energy Consumption (EU28, 2016) total 1.110.000 ktoe Processing Industries Services and Other Non-metallic minerals Commerical services Food, beverages Public services 25% Iron and Steel Residential Pulp and paper Agriculture 42% Chemical Forestry Machinery Fishing Transport Rail 33% Road Aviation Navigation Source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/9172750/KS-EN-18-001-EN-N.pdf/474c2308-002a-40cd-87b6-9364209bf936
Share of Total Renewable Energies: 17,1 % (EU28, 2016) Electrical power Heating and Cooling Transport Fuel renewable renewable renewable 29,6 % renewable power 18 % renewable heating, 7,1 % renewable fuel cooling Source: http://www.aebiom.org/about-bioenergy/basic-facts/what-is-the-eu-28-bioenergy-consumption/
Share of Bio-Energies: 10,2 % (EU28, 2015) Transport Fuel Electrical power Heating and Cooling other renewable bio-based bio-based bio-based 6 % bio-based power 16 % bio-based heating, cooling 6 % bio-based fuel 15.300 ktoe 82.900 ktoe 16.400 ktoe Source: http://www.aebiom.org/about-bioenergy/basic-facts/what-is-the-eu-28-bioenergy-consumption/
Source of Bio-Energies (EU28, 2015, incl. imports) Biofuel Biogas Heat and Power Animal Recycled Commercial Palm oil fats veg. oil and 11% 7% 13% Crop, Landfill Rapeseed oil municipal Food 17% 37% waste Ligno- Soy bean oil industry 7% Other cellulose 6% waste, 18% 75% Manure Sun flower Sewage 75% oil Corn Other Wheat sludge Sugar 2% 7% 4% 7% 8% 6% Agricultural residuals Wood Agricultural crop Landfill Woody biomass Sludge Waste Source: http://www.aebiom.org/about-bioenergy/basic-facts/what-is-the-eu-28-bioenergy-consumption/
EU-Biomass: Volume and Utilization (2015) EU Biomass Supply EU Biomass Utilization 100% 100% Other Import Biomaterials 80% EU- 80% Forestry, Bioenergy Fisheries 60% Algae 60% 40% 40% EU- Food and Agri- Feed culture 20% 20% 0% 0% total 1000 Mt dry matter Source: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/biomass-production-supply-uses-and-flows-european-union
Sustainable Potential for Bioenergy Feedstock Mtoe Landfill gas 0% Sustainable Bioenergy Scenarios 2030 (Mtoe) Used cooking oil Sewage BRE Building Research Establishment 152,2 Agricultural 1% 2% residues Forest residue Greenpeace energy revolution 35% 154,0 7% Forest small scenario for EU27 diameter EU 2050 roadmap reference scenario 162,8 Non-forest Lignocellulosic stemwood woody waste 5% Commission 2030 impact assessment residues 5% 178,0 reference scenario 28% Energy crop Commission 2030 impact assessment 5% Manure 192,0 HGG40/EE/RES30 scenario 12% Source: https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/Potential%20and%20Implications%20of%20using%20biomass%20BRE%202015.pdf
Conclusions and Policy Recommendations • Adopt an EU-wide limit on the amount of bioenergy • Exclude high-risk biomass sources such as biomass from protected areas • Limit the extraction of agricultural and forest residues to safe levels • Ensure that biomass doesn‘t displace other existing uses for energy Ensure affected communities‘ Free Prior and Informed Consent • Introduce a minimum efficiency threshold • Increase investments of renewable energies other than bioenergy • Source: https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/Potential%20and%20Implications%20of%20using%20biomass%20BRE%202015.pdf
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