Underground Laboratories Underground Laboratories Eugenio Coccia - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
TAUP 2009 Rome July 1-5 2009 Underground Laboratories Underground Laboratories Eugenio Coccia INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Universit di Roma Tor Vergata coccia@lngs.infn.it Thanks to Alessandro Bettini, Fabrice Piquemal,
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INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Università di Roma Tor Vergata
coccia@lngs.infn.it
Thanks to Alessandro Bettini, Fabrice Piquemal, Sean Paling, Neil Spooner, Vladimir Gavrin, Naba Mondal, Yoichiro Suzuki, Kevin Lesko, Tony Noble, Agnieszka Zalewska, Timo Enqvist, Romul Mircea Margineanu, Vuk Mandic.
Dedicated to Julio Morales
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Very high energy phenomena, such as proton decay and neutrinoless double beta decay, happen spontaneously, but at extremely low rates. The study of neutrino properties from natural and artificial sources and the detection of dark matter candidates requires capability of detecting extremely weak effects. Thanks to the rock coverage and the corresponding reduction in the cosmic ray flux, underground laboratories provide the necessary low background environment to investigate these processes. Tiny signals = fight against background These laboratories appear complementary to those with accelerators in the basic research
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Kamioka Y2L Oto INO project
EU Labs coordination: APPEC, ASPERA, ILIAS
LNGS LSM Boulby LSC CUPP ILIAS BNO SUL DUSEL project SNOlab Soudan
All sites are in the Northern hemisphere
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Facilities range from simple underground sites to full laboratories and observatories And have important differences: Depth (µ flux, spallation n flux - determines a fraction of the background sources) Size of the halls, limiting the size of the experiments (and thickness of the shields) Distance from accelerator Horizontal vs. vertical access Support infrastructures, personnel (quantity and quality) Scientific Committee: international vs. local (or national), degree of internationality of the community Safety and security policy Other science (geology, biology, engineering, etc.)
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–[1.08 (0-0.05 eV); 1.84 (0.05 eV-1 keV); 0.54 (1 keV-2.5 MeV); 0.32 (>2.5 MeV)]
Drive in to the experiments The largest international scientific community Permanent staff = 80 permanent +23
1979 A. Zichichi proposes to the Parliament to build a large underground laboratory close to the Gran Sasso freeway tunnel, under construction 1982 the Parliament approves the construction, finished in 1987
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MODULAr perspective
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1 U S A R u s s i a G e r m a n y F r a n c e P
a n d U K J a p a n S w i t z e r l a n d U k r a i n e B r a z i l C h i n a C r
t i a K
e a I n d i a I s r a e l O t h e r s 73 67 60 44 26 23 22 21 21 4 4 4 5 6 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
LNGS FOREIGN USERS IN 2006
USA Russia Germany France Poland UK Japan Switzerland Ukraine Brazil China Croatia Korea India Israel Others
394 from 25 Countries + 358 from Italy
752
Experiments are approved by the Director, with advise of International SC. Approval allocates underground area for defined duration Turnover of the experiments
The contributions of the cultures of different Countries are the fundamental component of the scientific vitality of LNGS
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The Gran Sasso Institute idea has been presented in the
OECD WORKSHOP in Rome on July 3
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The Boulby Underground Science Facility (UK) The Boulby Underground Science Facility (UK)
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East of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd – a major local employer.
in CR muons).
low gamma and radon backgrounds.
Plymouth London Birmingham Liverpool Newcastle Edinburgh Inverness Belfast Dublin
Redcar Hartlepool Peterlee Middlesbrough Billingham wton Aycliffe Stockton arlingtonMiddlesbor
Whitb y Staithe s
Yor k
JIF facilities - 2003 . > 1000 m2, fully equipped underground ‘Palmer lab’ > Surface support facility. Boulby Mine
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Misc Low Background Studies
ILIAS
Active contributor in both ILIAS and ILIAS-next EU lab programmes
Dark Matter Searches @ Boulby
Completed Underway
Now...
NaIAD ZEPLIN I DRIFT-I ZEPLIN-II ZEPLIN-III R&D DRIFT-II
(NaI – Scint. PSD) (Liq Xe – Single Phase) (TPC - Directional) Dual Phase
R&D
SKY-ZERO – Ongoing Danish/UK. Cosmic Rays & climatology study Future aims?
studies: Dark Matter (DRIFT, ZEPLIN?), Nuclear astrophysics (ELENA)?
material screening?
Also...
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The potential for expansion @ Boulby is excellent Space available in existing lab & lots of existing tunnels to exploit. New tunnels cheap to cut. New and deeper rock types available (harder rock – bigger labs) Boulby compares WELL with EU and world sites: depth, backgrounds, local support, running costs and expansion potential. STRONG local support CPL hosting gives the UK a WORLD CLASS facility at relatively low cost CPL (the mine owners) are supportive of pursuing expansion of physics and science hosted.
Tried and tested as a site for supporting science (from 1988 – today)
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1986 A. Morales creates the first Canfranc Laboratory (≈100 m2) close to a non-used railway tunnel 2005 Morales compeltes the new laboratory between the new free way tunnel and the railway tunnel TAUP 2003
Horizontal access, drive-in to the experiments Staff (being hired) = 12 positions
done (Saragossa University)
Old lab (since 1986)
Other R&D, low radioactivity measurements
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600 m2 (40x15x12) Depth: 800 m Muons: 0.47 μ x 10–2 m m–2 s–1 Ventilation: 11.000 m3/h Hall A Hall B
Hall C
150 m2 (15x10x7)
RECONSTRUCTION/REINFORCEMENT CIVIL WORKS STARTED IN JUNE. FORESEEN DURATION = 10 MONTHS
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Scientific Committee
EXP-01-2008 (ANAIS)
Dark Matter (NaI, Annual modulation)
Direct check of DAMA/LIBRA result
EXP-02-2008 (ROSEBUD)
Dark Matter (Scintillating bolometers)
Integrated in the European EURECA project
EXP-03-2008 (BiPo)
0ν2β decay (extra-low surface background meas.)
Ancillary to Super-NEMO
EXP-04-2008 (ULTIMA)
Super-fluid 3He physics
To be screened by muon background
EXP-05-2008 (NEXT)
0ν2β decay (Enriched 136Xe TPC))
Majorana vs Dirac neutrinos CUP Consolider
EoI-02-2005 (ArDM) EoI on Dark Matter (Liquid Argon TPC)
In risk analysis phase
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(about 3 MeV)
Barcelona 19-20 Feb 2009
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Different locations in existing tunnels under study
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Operators CEA/DSM & CNRS/IN2P3 Underground area 1 main hall (30m x 10m x 11m) + gamma spectroscopy hall (70 m2) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m2 and 21 m2 Location Fréjus Tunnel (Italian-French border) Excavation 1983 Depth 1700 m (4800 mwe) Surface > 400 m2 Permanent staff 8 Scientists users 100
Main hall
30 x 10m2 (h 11m)
gamma hall
(70 m2)
2 smaller halls
(18 m2 and 21 m2)
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IN2P3 (CNRS) and DAPNIA (CEA) run the Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM) The Lab Facilities are composed by:
External LSM buildings (construction 2008) LSM Project for a 60’000 m3 extension to be constructed according to on-going projects (safety tunnel) A cavity of about 3’500 m3 at middle of Fréjus Road Tunnel in French Territory Project for Large scale underground laboratory (1’000’000 m3)
LSM and future projects
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DBD NEMO-III (tracking + calorimeter - 100Mo) Dark Matter EDELWEISS-II (10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ion - 9kg in 2005) D e- cap TGV-II (Ge with sheets of DBD candidates) Heavy elemts SHIN (super heavy elements in nature + s/c, Z=108)
Low background measurements: 13 Ge detectors 3 neutrons detectors to measure and to monitor the neutron flux Test benches for logical failures tests EDELWEISS-II NEMO-III
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Safety galery parallel to roadway tunnel Digging from October 2009 to end 2011 Possibility to dig extension end 2011. Would be ready for 2013. Pre-study funded by LSM and UK in 2006. Preliminary design to host SuperNEMO and EURECA Detailed studies funded by Savoie department and Rhone-Alpes Region Call for letter of interest open in June,2009 Dedicated workshop in October,16 2009. Review by an indepeandent Scientific Advisory Committee
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Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy
LNGS
Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, France
LSM
Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc, Spain
LSC
Institute of Underground Science, Boulby Mine, UK
IUS
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The management structure of ILIAS contains three levels:
advised by the Steering Committee (SC) and the Peer Review Committee (PRC);
and the Management Team (MT);
Management Committee (DUL-CoMag) and also boards and working groups monitoring the various JRA and Access activities.”
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EMMA experiment at shallow depth with about 20 users Composition of atmospheric µ @ knee Neutron flux being measured Personnel: 3 on site + 3 @ Oulu Offices, labs and guest rooms on surface Access via lifts or inclined road tunnel Old mine Operational 1962-2001 Cavities available at several levels from 95 m to 980 m New mine Lab facilities may be excavated @ 1440 m, 4 km w.e.
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A.Zalewska
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The Sieroszowice mine (178 km2
belongs to the KGHM holding of copper mines and metallurgic plants - 6th position in the world’s copper production and 2nd position for silver. Near Wrocław, south-west of Poland - easily accessible from the Wroclaw airport and from the A4 motor-way, 950 km from CERN Geological cutoff – layers of anhydrite, dolomite and salt rocks at depths from 600 till >1400 m below the surface
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A.Zalewska
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Existing big chambers in salt:
(2200 m.w.e.)
U-238: 0.0165+-0.0030 Bq/kg U-234: 0.0225+-0.0030 Bq/kg Th-232: 0.008+-0.001 Bq/kg K-40: 4.0 +-0.9 Bq/kg
Very low natural radioactivity of the salt rock Work together with the mine management staff is going on to start the initial laboratory in
location is concidered for the ArDM experiment. It is also one
DARWIN application to ASPERA.
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Romanian underground laboratory in Unirea salt mine, Slanic Prahova-ROMANIA View of underground laboratory view from Unirea salt mine
The Underground Laboratory for Measurement in Ultra-low Radiation Background is situated in Unirea salt mine, in Slanic Prahova town, in Prahova County, Romania. Slanic town, Prahova County is situated in sub-Carpathians hills, about 100 km N from Bucharest and 150 km SE from Brasov. The town is placed in Slanic River valley, tributary of Varbilau River. In this environment, we have constructed the Low Background Radiation Laboratory situated at a depth
This mine consists of a hivelike structure composed of more galleries 32 or 36 meters wide, 52 to 57 m height and hundreds of meter long. Also it must be pointed out the remarkable stability of the microenvironment characterized by a constant temperature all over the years of 120 C and relative humidity of 60 to 65 %.
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Science ββ of 116Cd. New 1-2 kg 116CdWO2, scheduled 2008 R&D for SuperNEMO R&D of radiopure crystal for ββ and DM
In NaCl mine Overburden: 430 m ≈ 1 km w.e. Available area≈1000 m2 (70% free) µ flux: φμ = 1.7 x 10-2 m–2s–1 Radon: 33 Bq/m3 Very low gamma flux Neutrons: φn = 2.7 x 10-2 m–2 s–1 Horizontal access Users 11 based at Kiev
Initiated by Y. G. Zdesenko Operational since 1984
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BUST “Andyrchy” EAS array Tunnel entrance “Karpet-2” EAS array GGNT
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Geophysics laboratory 1 km Karpet 2 array BNO Laser interf. GW antenna Low backgr chamber GGNT Geophysics lab Andyrchi array
Head of the Physics Division, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
a Decree
the Soviet Government for the construction of the underground and surface facilities (Neutrino village) Scientific activity started under the leadership of and George Zatsepin Alexander Chudakov Moissey Markov
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Institute for Nuclear Research RAS Institute for Nuclear Research RAS
telescope ready for SN explosion (smaller
Exclude SN in Galaxy last 30 yr SAGE @ SAGE site ≈ 7 200 m3 lined with 60 cm of low background concrete
Overburden: 2000 m ≈ 4.8 km w.e. µ flux: φμ = 3.03±0.19 x 10–5 m–2s–1 Ventilation: 60 000 m3/h Radon: 40 Bq/m3 φn (>1 MeV) = 1.4 x 10–3 m–2s–1 φn (>3 MeV) = 6.28±2.2 x 10–4 m–2s–1 Dedicated horizontal access (4 km)
Two tunnels, train transportation Total volume ≈ 40 000 m3 Largest hall, 40 000 m3, construction stopped in 1992, when SU collapsed
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Overburden: 700 m, ≈ 2 km w.e. Available area≈100 m2 (possibly 800 m2 if funded) Muon flux: φμ = 2.7 x 10-3 m–2s–1 Radon: 40-80 Bq/m3 Neutrons: φn = 8 x 10-3 m–2 s–1 1.5<E<6.0 MeV
Science KIMS, WIMP search with CsI(Tl) crystal
R&D for ββ HP Ge detectors Operated by Dark Matter Research Center of Seoul University in the YangYang Pumped Storage Power Plant Horizontal access by car
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Horizontal access (unused railway tunnel) Overburden ≈ 470 m (1.4 km w.e.) Available area (Labs I, II, III)≈ 100 m2 µ flux: φμ = 4 x 10-3 m–2s–1 Radon: 10 Bq/m3 (in “Rn-free” containers) Neutrons: φn = 4 x 10-2 m–2 s–1 Users 20
Users ≈ 20 DBD ELEGANT V (100Mo) DM MOON-1 NaI DBD+DM ELEGANT VI (48Ca)(CaF2)
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The largest underground experiment
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In 1983 M. Koshiba established the Kamioka Underground Observatory to host KamiokaNDE (NDE=Nucleon Decay Experiment later = Neutrino Detection Experiment) The present facilities of the Kamioka Observatory have been designed for Super- Kamiokande Recently a process of enlargement has been realized
non thermal = 11.5±1.2 x 10-2 m–2 s–1
computer facilities on the surface
technical support Masatoshi Koshiba
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The Southernmost Underground Laboratory
–Carrying out experiments in the area of neutrino physics.
–To setup a 50 kton magnetised tracking detector to study atmospheric neutrinos. Can be expanded to 100 kton within available space. –May act as a far detector at magic baseline for a neutrino factory.
–R & D for a double beta decay experiment is under progress.
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Kolar Gold Mine Depth 2700 m = 7.5 km w.e.
2000 Create a world class underground lab Selected site Singara in Southern India The southernmost Underground Laboratory Near PUSHEP hydroelectric pumping station station, with several useful infrastructures
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laboratories, clean room, chemistry lab., conference room, etc.
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A New International Facility for AstroParticle-Physics Research
solar & SN
running.
facility, with entire lab in clean room
clean boundry.
Muon Flux = 0.27/m2/day
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150Nd → 150Sm + e- + e- .. uses existing SNO facility
Personnel facilities SNO Cavern Ladder Labs Cube Hall Cryopit Utility Area
DEAP-1 Operational 2009: SNO+ PICASSO-II Operational 2010-11: SuperCDMS
2009: DEAP 3600, MiniCLEAN 360 Unallocated Unallocated 2009 Halo Under Construction Unallocated
South Drift
Unallocated
Phase III Stub Utility Drift
PUPS Operational
Experiments expected to request space soon:
EXO 200 Gas PICASSO-III COUPP
– Excavation 100% complete. – Outfitting complete. – Spaces available now for experimental infrastructure installation.. – Commissioning and final cleaning started in November, 2008. Ongoing with installation of experiments. – Surface laboratories: Operational since 2005.
– Initial assignments of space underground. – Current allocations to: PICASSO, DEAP I, SNO+, DEAP 3600, MiniCLEAN SuperCDMS, HALO. – Anticipated or under discussion: EXOgas 200, COUPP, 2-phase LAr, low background counters to measure 39Ar, future Cobra upgrade…
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http://www.soudan.umn.edu/
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– Soudan II, MINOS excavated new caverns
– Vertical access – Good ventilation, low radon, strong old rock
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– Not certain that they will want to move out exactly on that schedule, but planning for that eventuality – Possibility of a LAr medium sized prototype to be replace MINOS to bask in the NuMI beam
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– Large water tank for neutron shielding planned
– Two HPGe counting facilities
– Neutron counting unit – Copper electroforming facility
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– Plus large bat population
– Precambrian Research Center active in mine as well as surrounding area
– Seismology – Microchip error testing
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– ~20,000 people/year tour the old mine works each year
– Regular tourists – School groups
Education and Outreach grant to take advantage
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John Bahcall 2003 SSM since 1962
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1995 Ray Davis First results 1968 Physics Beyond the Standard Model started before the Standard Model itself, in a mine of South Dakota For an historical recollection, read: J. Bahcall. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), 118, 77, astro-ph/0209080. After a long and complex process, in spring 2007, NSF has selected amongst several proposals the Homestake mine as the site in which the Deep Underground Science (physics, biology, geology) and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) should be designed See Lesko
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Three water Cherenkov proposals ⇒≈ 10-20 times present (Super-K)
Hyper-Kamiokande LAGUNA R&D proposal to FP7:comparison of the techniques and possible sites in Europe
MEMPHIS at LSM UNO in the US 100 kt scale LAr
≈300 times present
technology 50 kt scintillator ≈ 50 times present technology
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Underground Laboratories
challenging
disappearance of several accelerator facilities)
Training of the students, Low background measurements, R&D.
sub-critical facilities.