SLIDE 1
Trending to Zero:
North America’s Bus Industry Move to Zero Emissions
Jeff Hiott APTA November 19, 2015
SLIDE 2 Zero Emission Buses
- Transit Bus Technologies
- Incumbent Technologies:
- Diesel Buses
- CNG Buses
- Diesel-Hybrid Buses
- Zero Emission Buses:
- Fuel Cell Electric
- CNG Reformation
- Renewable
Hydrogen Sources
- Battery Electric
- Opportunity Charging
- Inductive
- Conductive
- Overnight Charging
SLIDE 3 Getting there…
Zero emission buses (ZEBs) are on the cusp of
- commercialization. Market development for
this clean technology can be accelerated through the adoption of fuel cell and battery electric bus procurement practices that strategically balance risk between transit properties, industry and the public sector.
SLIDE 4 Getting there…
- Dialog among stakeholders involved in the
procurement process
- Identify “solutions” to address problem(s)
- Identify effective & efficient process for
making change
SLIDE 5
Getting there…
Zero Emission Bus Risk Management in Procurement recommended solutions… – Building Operator Knowledge Base (Performance Specifications, etc.) – Spare Ratio Exemption – Temporary Operational Obligation Waiver – Subcomponent Lease Options
SLIDE 6 State of Technology
Courtesy: Center for Transportation and the Environment
SLIDE 7
Trends
SLIDE 8
Projected Growth as a Percent of U.S. Bus Fleet
SLIDE 9 Trends
Where are we now? – 130 in Transit (in service or on order in 2014)
- 28 FCEB’s and 102 Battery-electric buses
– 2015 FTA LoNo grant
- 28 battery electric, 10 FCEB & 17 elec-hybrids
– Anticipate 220+ in early 2016 and doubling again in 2017
Courtesy: CALSTART
SLIDE 10 All-Electric – making the case
Efficiency
- According to the NTD, U.S. transit buses
average 4.71 miles/gallon (1.73km/l)
- Buses average 40,000 to 60,000 miles
(64,000 to 96,000 km) per year
- Energy per miles is about ½ the cost of diesel
fuel
SLIDE 11 Factors Driving Alternative Propulsion
– Stringent Air Quality Standards – Emissions Regulations – Higher Fuel Cost/Dependence on Foreign Oil – Government Incentives (federal, state, local)
SLIDE 12 Zero Emission Buses
- Emissions
- Criteria Air Pollutants (CAC) – smog, acid rain, haze, ozone
- Carbon Monoxide
- Nitrogen Oxides
- Particulate Matter
- Sulfur Oxides
- Volatile Organic Compounds
- Green House Gases (GHG) – climate change
- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Fluorinated Gases
SLIDE 13
Relative GHG Emissions
SLIDE 14 Zero Emission Buses
- Noise
- Capital Costs
- Current
- Projected
- Life Cycle Costs
SLIDE 15 Market Hurdles
- Training
- Drivers
- Maintenance Staff
- Education
- Local Officials
- Transit Management
- Drivers
- Maintenance Staff
- Public
- Altoona Testing
- Range
- Costs of fueling
- Procurement Evaluation
- Vehicle Range vs Range on
Route
- Fueling Costs
- Vehicle Modeling
- Rate Modeling
- Infrastructure Costs
- Source of Hydrogen
SLIDE 16 Current Standards Efforts
Security
- Emergency Preparedness for
Individuals with Disabilities
- Regional Emergency Management
Planning
- Security Training Objectives
- Integrating Canine Units into a Transit
Security Program
- Anti-Vehicle Barriers for Public Transit
- Securing Control & Communications
Systems in Transit Environments
- Enterprise Cyber Security
Considerations for Public Transit
Procurement
- Standard Bus Procurement Guidelines
- Contract Terms and Conditions
- Technology Procurement
Farecard
- Application of Mobile Form Factor
- Limited Use Media
- Subsystem Level Interface Standard
Accessibility
- Reservation Hold Times
- Fixed Route: Stop Announcement
Standards
APTA BUS STANDARDS
SLIDE 17 Bus Standards Program
- Brake & Chassis (5)
- Bus Maintenance Facility (1)
- Bus Operations (4)
- Bus Procurement Guidelines (1)
- Bus Rapid Transit (6)
- Bus Safety (6)
- In-Plant Inspection (1)
- Maintenance Training (5)
http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Pages/Bus-Standards.aspx
SLIDE 18
APTA STANDARD BUS PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES
SLIDE 19
Standard Bus Procurement Guidelines
GOAL: A SINGLE that updates the old procurement terms and conditions document and adds a new bus technical specification document that includes language for:
SLIDE 20 Technical Section
- Performance-based specifications
– Performance based vs. Design Spec
- Designed for multiple bus lengths and
propulsion types
– 30-foot to 60+ foot articulated buses – Commuter Coaches – Diesel, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Hybrids – Currently being updated for Battery EB’s and FCEB’s
SLIDE 21
Document Layout
Section 1 – Notice of Request for Proposers Section 2 – Instructions to Proposers Section 3 – General Conditions Section 4 – Special Provisions Section 5 – Federal Requirements Section 6 – Technical Specifications Section 7 – Warranty Requirements Section 8 – Quality Assurance Section 9 – Forms and Certifications Section 10 – Contract Section 11 – Appendixes
SLIDE 22 Technical Section
- Agency specifies its needs and performance
requirements – operating conditions, duty cycle, desired performance
- OEM designs bus to meet the agency’s
needs and expectations
SLIDE 23
Contact Information
THANK YOU!
Jeff Hiott jhiott@apta.com
