Tradition and Normative Texts in Christianity A Rewritten History - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Tradition and Normative Texts in Christianity A Rewritten History Annette von Stockhausen 15 January 2016 1 / 18

Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion VIII. OF THE THREE CREEDS THE Three Creeds, Nicene Creed, Athanasius's Creed, and that which is commonly called the Apostles' Creed, ought thoroughly to be received and believed: for they may be proved by most certain warrants of holy Scripture. https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/articles-of-religion.aspx#VIII 2 / 18

The Creed in Liturgy – Anglican Tradition Excerpt from “Common Worship” 3 / 18

The Creed in Liturgy – Orthodox Tradition Excerpt from the “Liturgy of St John Chrysostom” (Αποστολική Διακονία της Εκκλησίας της Ελλάδος, 6th edition, Athens 1996.) 4 / 18

The Creed in Liturgy – Two medieval Latin examples St. Gallen, Stiftsarchiv (Abtei Pfäfers), Cod. Fab. VI, f. 27r (detail) – Missal/Lectionary (12th-14th century), Image: e-codices (CC-BY-NC) St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 361, p. 142 – Gradual (first half of 5 / 18 the 12th century), Image: e-codices (CC-BY-NC)

The Creed in Liturgy – In Late Antiquity … constituit synodus, ut per omnes ecclesias …the synod decided, that in all churches in Spaniae et Galliae vel Gallitiae secundum Spain, Gaul and Galitia, according to the formam orientalium ecclesiarum, concilii model of the eastern churches, the symbol of Constantinopolitani, hoc est centum faith of the Council of Constantinople, i.e. of quinquaginta episcoporum symbolum fidei the 150 bishops, should be recited. And recitetur. Et priusquam dominica dicatur before the Lord’s prayer is said, it should be oratio, voce clara populo predicetur. preached to the people in clear voice. 3rd Synod of Toledo (a. 589), can. 2 Τὸ σύμβολον ἐν ταῖς συνάξεσιν διὰ παντὸς In any case, Peter Fullo invented it that the Πέτρος ὁ Κναφεὺς ἐπενόησε λέγεσθαι, symbol is said in the services, which was not πρότερον μὴ λεγόμενον. said before. Theodorus Lector, h.e. III 428 (GCS 118,27f. Hansen) 6 / 18

Nicene ? 7 / 18

Nicene ? → 1st ecumenical council in Nicea in 325 ? 7 / 18

The Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) Theodosius I Agenda Confirmation of “Nicea” Appointment of new bishop of Constantinople Decisions Confirmation of “Nicea” and condemnation of heresies Appointment of new bishop of Constantinople: Gregory, Nectarius Solidus of Theodosius I. (395), Classical Numismatic Group (CC-BY-SA) No interfering of bishops in other dioceses Special status of Constantinople as “new Rome” 8 / 18

An “ Ecumenical ” Council ? 9 / 18

Participants of the Synod Online-Map 10 / 18

The traditional account of the Council of Constantinople Cod. Paris. gr. 510 (a. 879–883), BNF Detail (lower left corner): Makedonios 11 / 18

The traditional account of the Council of Constantinople Καὶ λοιπὸν συνηθροίσθη ἡ ἁγία ἐν And then the holy ecumenical synod in Κωνσταντινουπόλει οἰκουμενικὴ σύνοδος. Constantinople was convened. Against κατὰ Μακεδονίου τοῦ εἰς τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα Macedonius who blasphemed against the βλασφημήσαντος. ἧς κάνονες ζ` . Holy Spirit. 7 canons of this (council). Beneševič conciliar synopsis (p. 75) 12 / 18

The traditional account of the Council of Constantinople Ἡ δὲ δευτέρα ἁγία οἰκουμενικὴ σύνοδος τῶν The 2nd holy ecumenical synod of the 150 ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει ρνʹ ἁγίων πατέρων holy fathers in Constantinople took place γέγονεν ἐπὶ Θεοδοσίου τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως under the great emperor Theodosius against κατὰ Μακεδονίου ἀρχιεπισκόπου Macedonius, the archbishop of Κωνσταντινουπόλεως κτίσμα λέγοντος τὸ Constantinople, who declared the Holy Spirit a πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον. Ἡ δὲ ἁγία σύνοδος creature. The holy synod deposed καθελοῦσα Μακεδόνιον ὁμοούσιον ἐκήρυξε τῷ Macedonius and declared that the Holy Spirit πατρὶ καὶ τῷ υἱῷ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον is of the same nature as the Father and the προσθεῖσα ἐν τῷ συμβόλῳ τὸ καὶ εἰς τὸ Son and added in the Symbol “and in the Holy πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, τὸ κύριον καὶ ζωοποιόν, καὶ Spirit, the Lord and the giver of life,” and so τὰ ἑξῆς. forth. Anastasius Sinaita, Vitae dux 5 13 / 18

The Creed of Constantinople P.Oxy. 1784, s. V (Image courtesy of Ambrose Swasey Library Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School and the American Theological Library Association.) 14 / 18

The Creed of Constantinople P.Köln inv. 684, s. V (Uni Köln) 15 / 18

The Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) … προλάμπειν μὲν τῆς ὀρθῆς καὶ ἀμωμήτου … we decree the preeminence of the πίστεως τὴν ἔκθεσιν τῶν τιη ἁγίων καὶ exposition of the correct and irreproachable μακαρίων πατέρων τῶν ἐν Νικαίαι ἐπὶ τοῦ τῆς faith by the 318 holy and blessed fathers who εὐσεβοῦς μνήμης Κωνσταντίνου τοῦ convened at Nicaea under the then emperor γενομένου βασιλέως συναχθέντων, κρατεῖν δὲ Constantine of pious memory, and also the καὶ τὰ παρὰ τῶν ρν ἁγίων πατέρων ἐν validity of the definition of the 150 holy Κωνσταντινουπόλει ὁρισθέντα πρὸς ἀναίρεσιν fathers at Constantinople for the uprooting of μὲν τῶν τότε φυεισῶν αἱρέσεων, βεβαίωσιν δὲ the heresies which had then sprung up and τῆς αὐτῆς καθολικῆς καὶ ἀποστολικῆς ἡμῶν for the confirming of our same catholic and πίστεως. apostolic faith. Acts of Chalcedon, sessio V (ACO II 1,2,127, translation by Price/Gaddis, Acts II 201.) 16 / 18

Conclusion : A Rewritten History 1 . The connection between the “ Creed of Constantinople ” with the Council of Constantinople 2 . The Council of Constantinople as synod against Macedonius /- ians 3 . The designation as “ ecumenical ” council 4 . The identification of the Nicene and the Constantinopolitan Creed 17 / 18