Tourism, Water and the Business of Responsible Tourism 12th - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Tourism, Water and the Business

• f Responsible Tourism

12th International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations, Jyväskylä, Finland

• C. Michael Hall

michael.hall@canterbury.ac.nz https://canterbury- nz.academia.edu/CMichaelHall

Shifts in water use between regions as a result of tourism (Gössling 2005)

Estimate of tourism sector water use in major destination countries (Gössling et al. 2015: 43)

Water flow in a destination: Blue, green, grey and black water flows (Gössling et al. 2015: 44)

Water consumption embodied in tourism (Gössling et al. 2015: 47)

How much?

• Most studies of water use in tourism have summarised

water use in accommodation on the basis of litres (L) per tourist per day

• Where direct water use has been measured, a very large

range in consumption has been identified, varying between 84 and 2425 L per tourist per day, including water use in rooms, for gardens and pool irrigation

• systemic reviews of summer destinations and hotel chains

such as Scandic or Hilton have consistently reported direct mean water use values exceeding 300 L/guest night.

• Based on available evidence, average global direct water

consumption values are estimated at approx. 350 L/day.

• But estimated average of 6,575 L of water per day for

direct and indirect water use in tourism

Where?

• there is a general lack of disaggregated end-use

water data for hotels, including specific water use for gardens, pools, rooms, laundry, food preparation (kitchens) and other purposes.

• This situation is further complicated by different

studies collecting data on different dimensions of water use.

Breakdown of water consumption in US lodging facilities (Gössling et al. 2015: 51)

When

• Variance in water consumption on a daily, weekly, monthly and

seasonal basis, and during the day:

– Sundays and Mondays high water consumption days, Tuesdays and Wednesdays low consumption days (US Study). – Usage reasonably stable, with less than 18% variance from day to day. In contrast, on a monthly basis water usage was at its lowest in December and highest in August. Depending on the location and the type of hotel, water use fluctuated between a minimum of 23% of average daily use and a maximum of 224% of average daily use (US) – The greatest variance for water and hot water consumption (and consequent energy demands) occurs as a result of demand for morning and evening showers and baths in which peak demand may be just under six times the average daily water flow – Peaks in demand vary with the nature of the property and its clientele, i.e. time-constrained business travellers versus vacation tourists. – From a supply perspective, peak demand for water for showers, baths and washing (morning and night) also coincides with demands for hot water for hotel kitchens.

Issues of Seasonality – Example of tourist arrivals and rainfall in Rhodes, Greece (Gössling et al. 2015: 36)

Globally averaged water footprint, litres per guest night (Gössling et al. 2015: 83)

Total water embodied in 1kg of produce, approximate values (Gössling et al. 2015 based on Mekonnen & Hoekstra 2011a, 2011b)

The interrelationships between water and energy (Gössling et al. 2015: 23)

Overview of the water flows in the water system of a conventional hotel property. Note the importance of the inputs of energy into the heating and cooling of the system (Gössling et al. 2015: 130).

Maximising water-energy systems

(Gössling et al. 2015: 131)

Amount of energy required to provide 1m3 of safe drinking water

Toilets and tourism

• A significant public health issue, but focus
• ften moves to one of “user pays”
• Response to problems of “freedom

camping”

• A vital element in economic development

as well as in catering to older tourism markets

(picture near Corner Brook, Newfoundland)

Issues in riverine and lacustrine systems

• Eutrophication
• Introduced species
• Fishing & hunting
• Water flow and

drawdown

• Water quality
• Plastics, microplastics

and other pollutants such as hormones and artificial hormones

• Aesthetics

Total renewable water resources, 2012 (m3 per capita per year) (Gössling et al. 2015: 29)

Future water stress in major tourism regions (Gössling et al. 2015: 149)

ECO-EFFICIENCY More productive use of materials and energy. Increased product life spans Changed consumer behaviour Restructure socio-technical system SLOW / SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION Changed consumption patterns leading to reduced throughput of products and services and less energy.

Reduction in personal demand and distance travelled; resuse and

• recycle. Fundamental

change in demand to emphasise ‘local’ destinations, short supply chains and reduce resource consumption and distance travelled: ‘Reorientation’ / ’Degrowth’ Recessionary if implemented in isolation from other measures. Same or increased personal travel demand. ‘Business as usual’. No fundamental change in destination choice or consumption choices: ‘Green Growth’ / ‘Green Economy’ Continued run down of natural capital if

• nly policy approach

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT / STEADY-STATE TOURISM

Restructure, Redistribute

Efficiency Sufficiency CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR PRODUCER BEHAVIOUR CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION INTERNAL

Value change; Ethical & social responsibilities

EXTERNAL

Regulation; Cost of energy; System change; Polluter pays

DRIVERS FOR CHANGE

Source: After Hall 2009 Figure Efficiency and sufficiency in sustainable tourism development

Relativities of scale in analysing tourism

(After Hall 2004 in Hall & Lew 2009)

• vernight vacations

lifecourse

The influence of levels of temporal and spatial resolution on assessing mobility related phenomenon (Hall 2004)

100km 10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 100 years 10 years 1 years 0.1 0.01 0.0001 0.001 month week day

seasonality community socio-cultural change ecological change pedo-geomorphological change Land & water use change demographic change global climate and environmental change daytripping

1000km

annual tourism statistics

The problem of scale in tourism decision-making

How do we connect the various levels of activity to ensure sustainability?

Time, Space and Capabilities to Change

Temporal Scale Spatial Scale Structure Agency Socio-technical structures Institutions & governance Individuals ? Individual businesses &

• rganisations

Social practices The “responsible” responses

• f organisations and

individuals are important but they are not by themselves sufficient to generate positive change at a global scale

THE ENVIRONMENT / NATURAL CAPITAL

How do we think of sustainable tourism?

It’s the environment / natural resources / ecological capital stupid! The system is “bounded” (i.e. we only have one finite planet)

A reallocation of natural capital from nature’s economy to human economy in the process of generating economic growth? (and social change and welfare?)

GDP TIME K Natural capital allocated to wildlife / environment Natural capital allocated to human / tourism economy and society. Everything in the previous model of ‘balanced’ sustainable tourism fits in here

Source: Adapted from Hall, 2010

Do efficiency improvements mean that we reduce the level of natural resource consumption and the level of environmental impact? No – not by themselves

Source: Hall, C.M., Gössling, S. & Scott, D. (2015). The evolution of sustainable development and sustainable tourism. In Hall, C.M., Gössling, S. & Scott, D. (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability, Abingdon: Routledge. P.29

And if your interested…

• Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., &

Scott, D. (2015). Tourism and

• water. Bristol: Channel View

Publications.

• Hardback: 9781845414993
• Ebook: 9781845415013
• http://www.multilingual-

matters.com/ebooks.asp?/& bid=9781845415013