Topics skew ed picture 1 . Public fears versus facts about school - PDF document

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. Before the Gunm an Arrives: Dewey G. Cornell, Ph. D. School Threat Assessm ent • Professor of Education in the Curry School of Education and Human Development at the University of Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. Virginia. Curry School of Education and Human Development • Director of the UVA Youth Violence University of Virginia Project 434-924-0793 Dr. Cornell became interested in the prevention of youth Email: youthvio@virginia.edu violence based on his experiences as a forensic clinical Website: youthviolence.edschool.virginia.edu psychologist evaluating and treating violent offenders in the 1980s. He led the development of threat assessment guidelines for schools in 2001. Disclosure: Dr. Cornell has a financial interest in the Comprehensive Student Assessment Guidelines and the Edclick software product, School Safety Manager. 1 2 Headlines give a Topics skew ed picture 1 . Public fears versus facts about school shootings 2 . Virginia threat assessm ent m odel 3 . Evidence that threat assessm ent w orks Media stereotype of schools as dangerous places plagued by m ass shootings. 3 4 Traum atic Effect of School Shootings School shootings are so traum atic that they convince everyone that w e extensive schools are unsafe and require extensive security m easures. http: / / www.bloomberg.com/ news/ articles/ 2013-11-14/ schools-boosting-security-spending-after-newtown-massacre 5 6 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 1

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. https: / / www.wzzm13.com/ article/ news/ education/ fruitport-designs-new-48m-high-school-with-places-to-hide-from-mass- https: / / www.nbcnews.com/ news/ us-news/ schools-are-spending-billions-high-tech-security-are-students-any-n875611 shooters/ 69-6ee8154f-76a6-45bd-87c5-e3c60a0dce2f 7 8 Bullet-Resistant Entrances 9 10 Safe Room s https: / / www.newsweek.com/ oklahoma-schools-storm-shelters-shooting-824328 11 12 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 2

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. Research on School Security Little evidence of increased safety. Concerns that students are m ore anxious. 13 14 389 shootings in 6 years W hat are the since Sandy Hook shooting. facts about school Maps like this convey shootings? the idea that school shootings are pervasive. https://everytownresearch.org/gunfire-in-school/# 15 16 Six Years of How many shootings outside of schools? Shootings  389 in schools versus CDC Annual Records  600,000 outside 36,000 deaths schools + 63,000 injuries For every shooting in a ~ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 total school, there are 1,500 shootings outside of school Shooting deaths from: National Vital Statistics http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/dataRestriction_inj.html Shooting injuries from: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates2001.html 17 18 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 3

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. 2005 ‐ 2010 Homicides in 37 States 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Six Years of Residence 9847 Shootings Street 4455 ► 389 in schools versus Parking lot/garage 1209 ► 600,000 outside Outdoors 629 schools Restaurant/bar 533 Restaurants are 10x more For every shooting in a 492 Store/gas station dangerous than schools. school, Public building/business 288 Homes are 200x more there are 1,500 outside dangerous than schools. of school Hotel/motel 211 School 49 Source: FBI National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) database. Selected locations. School includes colleges. See Nekvasil, Cornell, & Huang (2015) Psychology of Violence, 5, 236-245. 19 20 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School W hat percentage of youth hom icides occur at school? A) 5 0 % B) 1 0 % 4 3 1 incidents w ith a youth hom icide at school over 2 5 years C) 2 % Youth m eans school-age, 5 -1 8 School includes travel to and from school. 21 22 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School I ncidents at School W hat percentage of victim s W hat percentage of youth w ere killed on-cam pus? hom icides occur at school? A) 9 8 % A) 5 0 % B) 7 8 % B) 1 0 % C) 5 8 % C) 2 % Youth m eans school-age, 5 -1 8 Off-cam pus includes travel to and from school School includes travel to and from school. or attending off-cam pus school event. 23 24 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 4

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School I ncidents at School W hat percentage of victim s W hat percentage of youth w ere killed on-cam pus? hom icide incidents involve a A) 9 8 % single victim ? A) 9 1 % B) 7 8 % B) 5 1 % C) 5 8 % C) 1 1 % Off-cam pus includes travel to and from school or attending off-cam pus school event. 25 26 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School I ncidents at School W hat percentage of youth W hat percentage of hom icide incidents involve a perpetrators are students? single victim ? A) 9 3 % A) 9 1 % B) 7 3 % B) 5 1 % C) 5 3 % C) 1 1 % 27 28 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School I ncidents at School W hat percentage of W hat percentage of perpetrators are students? perpetrators are W hite? A) 9 3 % A) 9 3 % B) 7 3 % B) 5 3 % C) 5 3 % C) 1 3 % 29 30 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 5

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School I ncidents at School W hat percentage of W hat w as the m ost perpetrators are W hite? com m on m otive for the A) 9 3 % perpetrator? B) 5 3 % A) Dating conflict C) 1 3 % B) Braw l/ street fight C) Gang activity 31 32 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide 4 3 1 Youth Hom icide I ncidents at School I ncidents at School W hat w as the m ost There is no single profile of com m on m otive for the a school hom icide. perpetrator? Cases differ w idely in A) Dating conflict circum stances, age, race, B) Braw l/ street fight and m otive. C) Gang activity 33 34 Prevention m eans Crisis response is not “to keep som ething from prevention. happening” A crisis occurs w hen prevention has failed. 35 36 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 6

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. You don’t prevent forest fires by You don’t prevent forest fires by w aiting until the trees are blazing. w aiting until the trees are blazing. https: / / www.npr.org/ 2019/ 08/ 09/ 748836909/ careful-with-those-birthday-candles-smokey-beloved-bear-turns-75 37 38 The nationw ide m ovem ent to place threat assessm ent team s in schools is a critical shift tow ard prevention. http: / / time.com/ 5201713/ what-is-stop-school-violence-act/ 39 40 States Are Moving Schools W hat is Threat Assessm ent? to Use Threat Assessm ent Threat assessm ent is a problem - • State law s solving approach to violence • State regulations prevention that involves assessm ent and intervention w ith • Model practices and guides students w ho have threatened • State training violence in som e w ay. 41 42 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 7

Before the Gunman Arrives: School Threat Assessment Sept 25, 2019 Dewey Cornell, Ph.D. Threat Assessm ent For Schools Threat Assessm ent is a violence prevention strategy. 1. Identification : friends, family members, or others seek help when concerned about someone in distress/threatening violence. 2. Evaluation : Threat assessment team evaluates the seriousness of the threat. 3. Intervention : The team initiates assistance to address the underlying problem, conflict or need. In the most • 2 0 0 0 FBI report recom m ending school threat assessm ent serious cases, protective action is taken. • 2 0 0 2 Secret Service and US Dept of Education study and guide on school threat assessm ent 43 44 Threat Assessm ent Threat Assessm ent in Schools 45 46 School-Based Threat Assessm ent 1 . Com pared to adults, students • frequently m ake threats; • often engage in fights; 2 . Over-reactions to student m isbehavior have serious negative consequences. 3 . Schools have a duty to educate all students. 47 48 Do not copy without permission dcornell@virginia.edu 8