TO ANY COUNT , TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN: FINDING PATTERNS OF - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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TO ANY COUNT , TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN: FINDING PATTERNS OF - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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TO ANY COUNT , TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN: FINDING PATTERNS OF GENDER IN EARLY MODERN PLAYS HEATHER FROEHLICH UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE @HEATHERFRO ALLS WELL THAT ENDS WELL ACT II SCENE III 1096-1104 SLICING AND DICING

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“TO ANY COUNT , TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN”: FINDING PATTERNS OF GENDER IN EARLY MODERN PLAYS

HEATHER FROEHLICH UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE

@HEATHERFRO

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ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL ACT II SCENE III 1096-1104

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SLICING AND DICING SHAKESPEARE

  • Open Source Shakespeare
  • AntConc
  • Wordhoard
  • The OED
  • The Historical Thesaurus of the OED
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COLLOCATION

The likelihood of one lemma (word) to appear next to another lemma (word) in a corpus

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COLLOCATION

Dice coefficient test:

  • mean of two conditional probabilities: P(w1,w2) and

P(w2,w1)

  • 2nd word in the bigram appears given the 1st word
  • 1st word in the bigram appears given the 2nd word
  • computed on a scale from 0-1
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GENDER & FORMALITY

  • Man/woman
  • Lord/lady
  • Knave/wench
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MALE VS FEMALE IN CORPUS

  • 1012 male characters
  • 147 female characters
  • 63 unknown, mixed or otherwise ambiguous characters
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MAN, WOMAN

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POTENTIAL COLLOCATES FOR BOTH

Honest A Old No Any Poor Wise This What But These

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POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: MAN

Young Proper Good Honorable No Poor Dead

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POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: WOMAN

Fat False Foolish Mad Waxen Pernicious Wretched Weak Gentle Sweet

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FALSE WOMEN?

Falstaff (Merry Wives of Windsor) The Witches (Macbeth) Viola (12th Night) Portia (Merchant of Venice)…?

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FALSE WOMEN?

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POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: WOMAN

Fat False Foolish Mad Waxen Pernicious Wretched Weak Gentle Sweet

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POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: MAN

Old Honest Young Wise Proper Good Honorable No Poor Dead

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PROPER MAN

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PROPER MAN

“O, Charles the Dauphin is a proper man; No shape but his can please your dainty eye.” (Richard Plantagenet, Henry VI, part 1 V.iii.249) “You can play no part but Pyramus; for Pyramus is a sweet-faced man; a proper man, as one shall see in a summer's day; a most lovely gentleman-like man: therefore you must needs play Pyramus.” (Quince, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, I.ii.341) “Cassio's a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery—How, how? Let's see:— After some time, to abuse Othello's ear That he is too familiar with his wife.” (Iago, Othello, I.iii.740) “No, unpin me here. This Lodovico is a proper man.” (Desdemona, Othello, IV.iii.3056) “Think not I love him, though I ask for him; 'Tis but a peevish boy; yet he talks well. But what care I for words? Yet words do well When he that speaks them pleases those that hear. It is a pretty youth- not very pretty; But, sure, he's proud; and yet his pride becomes him. He'll make a proper man.” (Phebe, As You Like It, III.v.1764).

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MASTER, WOMAN

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MASTER, WOMAN

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MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR

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LORD, LADY

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SOME POTENTIAL COLLOCATES FOR BOTH

Good Noble Gracious Sweet Young …

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LORD, MAN

Good Of What The And Why That No For These Who Young

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‘LORD’ FOR GOD

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LADY , WOMAN

Fair Poor A What Face No

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LADY: MORE-LIKELY COLLOCATES

Sovereign Beauteous Virtuous Gallant Honourable

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LADY: LESS-LIKELY COLLOCATES

Or But Of Do Have Will Shall Be In

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LORD: LESS-LIKELY COLLOCATES

Marquis Anoint Entreat Valiant Fie Receive

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NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE WORDS

  • Latinate as more formal, Germanic as less formal
  • Levin, Long & Schaffer (1981), Levin & Novak (1991),

DeForest & Johnson (2001), Bar-Ilian & Berman (2007)

  • Shakespeare avoids Latin!
  • Hope (2012: 260), Spevack (1985: ii. 343-61)
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LADY: MORE-LIKELY COLLOCATES

Sovereign Beauteous Virtuous Gallant Honourable

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CLOSE-READING

“I will overglance the superscript: 'To the snow-white hand of the most beauteous Lady Rosaline’ ” (Holofernes, Love’s Labours Lost: IV.ii.1280) “This man is Pyramus, if you would know; This beauteous lady Thisby is certain. This man, with lime and rough-cast, doth present Wall, that vile Wall which did these lovers sunder; And through Wall's chink, poor souls, they are content to whisper.” (Quince, Midsummer Night’s Dream: V.i. 1970)

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VIRTUOUS?

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CLOSE READING

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LORD

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LADY

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WENCH

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KNAVE

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KNAVE, WENCH

Mad A Good Poor How Thou As

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KNAVE

Lousy Cuckoldly Lazy Rascally Cowardly Drunken Scurvy Honest …and Ford

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FORD + KNAVE

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FORD + KNAVE

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MAN, KNAVE

Young Honest A Poor These This As What That

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HONEST KNAVE

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KNAVE, LORD

You

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WENCH

Light Kitchen Arm

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KITCHEN WENCH

Marry, sir, she's the kitchen wench and all grease; and I know not what use to put her to but to make a lamp of her and run from her by her own light. I warrant, her rags and the tallow in them will burn a Poland winter: if she lives till doomsday, she'll burn a week longer than the whole world. (Dromio of Syracuse, Comedy of Errors III.ii.857) Without his roe, like a dried herring: flesh, flesh, how art thou fishified! Now is he for the numbers that Petrarch flowed in: Laura to his lady was but a kitchen-wench; marry, she had a better love to be-rhyme her; Dido a dowdy; Cleopatra a gipsy; Helen and Hero hildings and harlots; Thisbe a grey eye or so, but not to the purpose. Signior Romeo, bon jour! there's a French salutation to your French slop. You gave us the counterfeit fairly last night. (Mercutio, Romeo & Juliet, II.iv.1198)

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LIGHT WENCH

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WOMAN, WENCH

Poor No

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LADY , WENCH

Good My Poor The

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IN CONCLUSION

  • A formality distinction emerges through an investigation
  • f words which are likely to appear next to each other
  • But it’s not what we think it should be.
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THANK YOU

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3 WEIRD PLAYS

  • Love’s Labours Lost
  • Comedy of Errors
  • Merry Wives of Windsor