The Tree of All Fractions UNB Math Camp, 2015 1 / 14 Outline The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

the tree of all fractions
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The Tree of All Fractions UNB Math Camp, 2015 1 / 14 Outline The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Tree of All Fractions UNB Math Camp, 2015 1 / 14 Outline The Tree of All Fractions Observations Binary numerals One-to-one correspondence Questions 2 / 14 The tree of all fractions We begin with the fraction 1 1 . Each fraction has two


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SLIDE 1

The Tree of All Fractions

UNB Math Camp, 2015

1 / 14

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SLIDE 2

Outline

The Tree of All Fractions Observations Binary numerals One-to-one correspondence Questions

2 / 14

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SLIDE 3

The tree of all fractions

We begin with the fraction 1

  • 1. Each fraction has two children:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • i

j i + j j i i + j

The Tree of All Fractions 3 / 14

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SLIDE 4

The first three levels

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • 1

1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3

The Tree of All Fractions 4 / 14

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SLIDE 5

Parents

To go backwards:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • i − j

j i j i j − i i j i > j i < j

The Tree of All Fractions 5 / 14

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SLIDE 6

Observations

  • Every fraction occurs in the tree.
  • No fraction occurs more than once in the tree. (What about 4

6 and other

equivalents?)

  • So, every fraction occupies a unique position in the tree.

Observations 6 / 14

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SLIDE 7

One-to-one correspondence

Every path in the tree ends at some fraction, and for every (reduced, positive) fraction, there is a path in the tree. This means we have a one-to-one correspondence between the paths in the tree and the positive rational numbers.

Observations 7 / 14

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SLIDE 8

Binary numerals

  • Represent the paths in the tree by binary numerals.
  • Start with a 1 indicating the top of the tree

1

1

  • .
  • Append a 1 for “up” and a 0 for “down”.

Binary numerals 8 / 14

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SLIDE 9

Example

Find the path to 5

9 and represent it as a binary numeral.

Binary numerals 9 / 14

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Example

Find the fraction that corresponds to the whole number 42.

Binary numerals 10 / 14

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SLIDE 11

Exercises

Definition (Notation:)

Let F be the function from the whole numbers to the rational numbers, determined by the labelling of paths in the tree. For example, F(12) = 5/9 and F(42) = 8/13.

  • 1. Find F(25).
  • 2. Solve F(n) = 4/7

(find n).

Binary numerals 11 / 14

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SLIDE 12

The big idea

We have defined a one-to-one correspondence between two sets: positive rational numbers ← → positive integers This shows that those sets are conumerous. The real numbers are uncountably infinite while the rationals are countably infinite.

One-to-one correspondence 12 / 14

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SLIDE 13

More exercises

Use the notation F(n) = the fraction that corresponds to n. For example, F(3) = 2

1.

  • 1. Find (a) F(19) (b) F(100) (c) F(63).
  • 2. Find n such that F(n) is (a) 7

11 (b) 13 18 (c) 29 42.

  • 3. What is the characteristic property of binary numerals that represent even

numbers? Use this to describe the fractions that correspond (through F) to even numbers.

  • 4. Each fraction has two children. Using the correspondence, how would

you describe the “children” of each positive integer? For instance, 5 is 101 in binary form. This corresponds to the fraction 3/2. It’s children are 5/2 and 3/5, which correspond to 11 (1011 in binary) and 10 (1010 in binary) respectively. Thus the “children” of 5 are 11 and 10. See if you can come up with a quick rule for finding children. What are the children

  • f 57? 102? 2015?
  • 5. Describe which fractions correspond to multiples of 4.

Questions 13 / 14

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SLIDE 14

References

  • N. Calkin and H. Wilf

Recounting the rationals American Mathematical Monthly, 107 (2000), 360–363.

  • W. Lindgren, A. Sankey, and G. Roberts

Introduction to Mathematical Thinking, course notes, 1999.

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