SLIDE 1 The Quantum and the Cosmos The Quantum The Quantum and the and the Cosmos Cosmos
SUSY 2007 Karlsruhe July 2007 Rocky Kolb The University of Chicago
SLIDE 2 Cosmology 1000 Years Ago
(and parts of present-day U.S.)
Cosmology 1000 Years Ago Cosmology 1000 Years Ago
(and parts of present (and parts of present-
day U.S.)
SLIDE 3
Inner Space/Outer Space Inner Space/Outer Space Inner Space/Outer Space
SLIDE 4 Pre-Scientific Cosmological Models Pre Pre-
- Scientific Cosmological Models
Scientific Cosmological Models
SLIDE 5 Absolute space, in its own nature, without relation to anything external, remains always similar and immovable.
Space and Time Space and Time Space and Time
Isaac Newton 1687
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
SLIDE 6
Space and Time Space and Time Space and Time
Space & time are relative. Albert Einstein, 1905 Space & time are dynamical (curved, warped, bent). Albert Einstein, 1915
SLIDE 7 Modern Commandments of Genesis Modern Commandments of Genesis Modern Commandments of Genesis
(10 nonlinear partial differential equations)
cosmological term (dark energy)
+Λgμν
SLIDE 8
Gravity Geometry
The universe is comprehensible!!!
(or dark energy)
SLIDE 9
University of Chicago 1909 National Champions University of Chicago 1909 National Champions Edwin Hubble
SLIDE 10
Edwin Hubble 1929
Space Expands Space Space Expands Expands
SLIDE 11 The Universe Is Radiant The Universe Is Radiant The Universe Is Radiant
Penzias & Wilson 1965 Temperature of the Universe is 3K (−270C)
SLIDE 12 Complete History
(Abridged) Complete History Complete History
- f the Universe
- f the Universe
(Abridged) (Abridged)
fraction of a second later Hot Primordial Soup 380,000 years later Radiation Last Scattered 13.78 thousand-million years later Tonight
SLIDE 13 50 thousand million visible to HST over entire sky We live in a Universe of galaxies 10,000 galaxies
Hubble Ultradeep Field
Composition Composition Composition
SLIDE 14 Periodic Table - Chemist Periodic Table Periodic Table -
Chemist
SLIDE 15 Periodic Table - Cosmologist Periodic Table Periodic Table -
Cosmologist
Metals Metals
SLIDE 16 Visible Matter Visible Matter Visible Matter
73% Hydrogen (10-5 deuterium) 26% Helium (10-5
3He)
1% Metals
Three minutes AB:
76% Hydrogen (10-5 deuterium) 24% Helium (10-5
3He)
10-8% Lithium
Today:
SLIDE 17 The Visible Universe The Visible Universe The Visible Universe
M81 Spitzer Space Telescope
SLIDE 18 10 5 50 expected from stars
R (kpc)
100
v (km/s)
Vera Rubin
M33 rotation curve
The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe
SLIDE 19 The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe
Abel 2218 HST
SLIDE 20
0024+1654 HST
SLIDE 21
Dark matter (50 times more than visible matter) Dark matter (50 times more than visible matter)
The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe The Invisible Universe
SLIDE 22 If We Could “See” Dark Matter If We Could If We Could “ “See See” ” Dark Matter Dark Matter
Navarro, et al.
SLIDE 23 We don’t see most of the matter—it’s dark! Some of the dark matter is a hot gas of hydrogen & helium But most of it doesn’t seem to be “normal” matter.
Dark Matter? Dark Matter? Dark Matter?
SLIDE 24 Dark Matter? Dark Matter? Dark Matter?
- Newton’s (or Einstein’s) law of gravity is wrong
- MACHOS (massive astronomical compact halo objects)
– planets – dwarf stars (white, red, brown) – black holes
- WIMPS (weakly interacting massive particles)
– a new type of particle relic from the big bang
SLIDE 25
SLIDE 26 Complete History
(Abridged) Complete History Complete History
- f the Universe
- f the Universe
(Abridged) (Abridged)
fraction of a second later Hot Primordial Soup 380,000 years later Radiation Last Scattered 13.78 thousand-million years later Tonight
SLIDE 27 Particle Accelerator = Time Machine = Telescope
Inner Space - The Quantum Inner Space Inner Space -
The Quantum
CERN in Geneva CERN in Geneva
SLIDE 28
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Large Large Hadron Hadron Collider Collider (LHC) (LHC)
SLIDE 29 Particle Accelerator = Time Machine = Telescope
Inner Space - The Quantum Inner Space Inner Space -
The Quantum
Fermilab near Chicago Fermilab near Chicago
SLIDE 30 Modern Cathedrals Modern Cathedrals Modern Cathedrals
“Accelerators are the cathedrals
Robert R. Wilson, first Director of Fermilab
The Fermilab main building was modeled after Beauvais Cathedral in France, and like the cathedral, dominates the countryside.
SLIDE 31
Galileo’s Accelerator Galileo Galileo’ ’s Accelerator s Accelerator
SLIDE 32
SLIDE 33
KNOWN INGREDIENTS: 56% QUARKS 16% GLUONS 9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% W’s AND Z’s 5% NEUTRINOS 2% PHOTONS 2% GRAVITONS 1% HIGGS BOSONS (to be discovered any day) KNOWN INGREDIENTS: 56% QUARKS 16% GLUONS 9% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% W’s AND Z’s 5% NEUTRINOS 2% PHOTONS 2% GRAVITONS 1% HIGGS BOSONS (to be discovered any day) SECRET INGREDIENT: DARK MATTER SECRET INGREDIENT: DARK MATTER
Primordial Soup Primordial Soup Primordial Soup
SLIDE 34
Make WIMPS in the Laboratory Make WIMPS in the Laboratory Make WIMPS in the Laboratory
SLIDE 35 Planned Thirty-Meter Telescope Planned Thirty Planned Thirty-
Meter Telescope
SLIDE 36 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Large Large Hadron Hadron Collider Collider (LHC) (LHC)
Atlas Detector Atlas Detector
SLIDE 37 Karlsruhe group at CMS detector at LHC
SLIDE 38
LHC Seeks Supersymmetry (SUSY) LHC Seeks LHC Seeks Supersymmetry Supersymmetry (SUSY) (SUSY)
SLIDE 39
FERMIONS gluino wino, zino photino Higgsino gravitino quark electron neutrino BOSONS gluon W, Z photon Higgs graviton squark selectron sneutrino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY
SLIDE 40 1975: Julius Wess (Karlsruhe) & Bruno Zumino (CERN)
Wess
FERMIONS gluino wino, zino photino Higgsino gravitino quark electron neutrino BOSONS gluon W, Z photon Higgs graviton squark selectron sneutrino
Zumino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY
SUSY
SLIDE 41 1975: Julius Wess (Karlsruhe) & Bruno Zumino (CERN)
Wess
FERMIONS gluino wino, zino photino Higgsino gravitino quark electron neutrino BOSONS gluon W, Z photon Higgs graviton squark selectron sneutrino
Zumino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY
SUSY
SLIDE 42 Lightest superpartner stable → candidate for dark matter
1975: Julius Wess (Karlsruhe) & Bruno Zumino (CERN)
Wess
FERMIONS gluino wino, zino photino Higgsino gravitino quark electron neutrino BOSONS gluon W, Z photon Higgs graviton squark selectron sneutrino
Zumino
Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY Birth of SUSY
SUSY
SLIDE 43
Annihilation in sun, Earth, galaxy. . .
Seeking SUSY Seeking SUSY Seeking SUSY
More than a dozen experiments
CERN, Fermilab
SLIDE 44 My Prediction My Prediction My Prediction
2:30 am, Tuesday July 27, 2010 Karlsruhe graduate student discovers the nature of the dark matter that holds our galaxy together
SLIDE 45
Yet More To The Dark Side Yet More To Yet More To The Dark Side The Dark Side
Report to HEPAP 6 July 2006 Rocky Kolb
SLIDE 46 Dark Energy Dark Dark Energy
Energy
1917 Einstein proposed cosmological constant. 1929 Hubble discovered expansion of the Universe. 1934 Einstein called it “my biggest blunder.” 1998 Astronomers found evidence for it.
SLIDE 47 distance age of the universe
dark matter dominant
The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe
dark energy dominant expands forever ever slowing collapses
SLIDE 48
Unbearable Lightness of Nothing Unbearable Lightness of Nothing Unbearable Lightness of Nothing
10–30 grams per cc
SLIDE 49 Nothing is Something! Nothing is Something! Nothing is Something!
quark anti particle particle e+ e- W+ W- anti-quark
Uncertainty in the Uncertainty Uncertainty in the in the Quantum Vacuum Quantum Quantum Vacuum Vacuum
SLIDE 50 Higgs in the Quantum Vacuum Higgs in the Quantum Vacuum Higgs in the Quantum Vacuum
- The quantum vacuum has a Higgs potential
- Higgs potential gives mass to quanta like
quarks and electrons.
e , W , Z , q u a r k s …
× × ×
photon
Nothing has energy Higgs potential: 246 Billion eV
SLIDE 51 electron volts (billions)
OFF E.W.
ELECTROWEAK 0 100 200 300
HIGGS METER
SLIDE 52
Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions Extra Dimensions
SLIDE 53 – Walt Whitman
“To me every hour of the light and dark is a miracle. Every cubic inch of space is a miracle.” Every cubic inch of space is a miracle!
- cosmic radiation
- dark matter
- dark energy
- virtual particles
- Higgs potential
- extra dimensions
SLIDE 54
The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe The Dark Side of the Universe
95% of the Universe Is Dark!
SLIDE 55
The Quantum and the Cosmos The Quantum and the Cosmos The Quantum and the Cosmos
SLIDE 56 “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.”
– John Muir
SLIDE 57 ν ν ν
Dark Matter: 25% Dark Energy: 70% Stars: 0.5% H & He Gas: 4% Chemical Elements: (other than H & He) 0.025% Neutrinos: 0.47% Radiation: 0.005%
SLIDE 58 “The most beautiful thing we can experience is the
source of all true art and all science. Those to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, are as good as dead: their eyes are closed.” Albert Einstein
SLIDE 59 – T. S. Eliot
We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time.
SLIDE 60 The Quantum and the Cosmos The Quantum The Quantum and the and the Cosmos Cosmos
SUSY 2007 Karlsruhe July 2007 Rocky Kolb The University of Chicago
