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The potential of shoreface nourishments for habitat enhancement A case of the Sand Engine lagoon as a nursery for juvenile plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa L.) Lotte Meeuwissen, Ralf van Hal, Lorna Teal, Marjolein Post Sand engine; mega

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The potential of shoreface nourishments for habitat enhancement

A case of the Sand Engine lagoon as a nursery for juvenile plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) Lotte Meeuwissen, Ralf van Hal, Lorna Teal, Marjolein Post

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Sand engine; mega nourishment 2011

The Netherlands: Ter Heijde

Lagoon Lagoon Lagoon

1.5 km 21.5 Mm3 128 ha sand Shallow artificial lagoon Pilot project for sustainable coastal protection 2 km

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Over time…

October 13, 2011 May 14 , 2012 July 1 , 2013

Lagoon Lagoon Lagoon

Lagoon as nursery area?

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Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.)

§ Dutch shallow coastal area as nursery area

  • Entering larvae (0-group): March and April

§ Changing habitat requirements

  • Increasing length à More coarse sand and lower temperatures

§ Spatial distribution pattern change during life cycle

  • Increasing length à Optimal temperature and tolerance range

Growth (cm day -1) Temperature (°C) 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

Temperature (°C)

40 cm 25 cm 10 cm (Teal et al., 2010)

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Effect of nourishment on coast

Habitat enhancement

SHALLOW WATERS HIGHER GROWTH SEA WATER TEMPERATURE RISES

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Material and Methods; fieldwork

Every 2 weeks: 2012: end of April – end of August 2013: mid May – mid August 2 m beam trawl Mesh size: 1 and 2 cm Depth: 1.5-3 m and 4-5 m 1-3 trawls Distance and time Temperature Numbers and length of 0-group plaice à predominant flatfish species

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Material and Methods; nursery quality

§ Numbers in m2 § Growth in mm per day § Estimates of growth potential

Comparing predicted and observed growth: Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) modelling (ad lib.) (Van der Veer, 2009; Teal et

al., 2012)

Growth and DEB: only lagoon and area South 2012 compared

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Results; numbers

2012: Density lagoon increased, peak end of May, decrease till the end Density North and South 0 at beginning, later low 2013: Density lagoon decreasing Plaice present in North and South Density lower in all areas in 2013

Difference in axes!

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Results; length

2012: Smallest plaice in lagoon Biggest plaice in South 2013: Bigger plaice in additional areas. At the beginning plaice in lagoon bigger than in 2012 Smaller sizes in 2013 than in 2012

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Results; growth

Lagoon: Peak in growth rate South: Increasing growth rate

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Results; Dynamic Energy Budget Model

Lagoon: Observed growth lower than predicted growth South: Observed and predicted growth more equal

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Discussion; numbers

§ Lagoon suitable habitat for flatfish

  • Mainly plaice

§ Lagoon increased attraction in 2012

  • Fluctuation in larvae supply

Determined by year-specific abiotic and biotic conditions

  • Changing morphology
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Discussion; growth

§ Similar growth pattern found in Balgzand 1975-1988 and

1990-2002 (north-eastern North Sea) and Ems estuary Wadden Sea 1992 (Teal et al., 2008, Jager et al., 1995)

§ Lower growth rates due to food limitation

  • Supported by DEB
  • Lagoon nearly a closed system

§ Outer areas harbour better growth conditions

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Habitat enhancement with nourishment?

§ Lagoon temporary nursery area

  • Only in 2012 habitat enhancement due to design

Sand Engine

§ Size of the Sand Engine § Species specific habitat preferences

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Questions?

Meeuwissen, L., van Hal, R., Teal, L., Post, M.H.M., 2017, Journal of Sea Research, In review The potential of shoreface nourishments for habitat enhancement: a case of the Sand Engine lagoon as a nursery for juvenile plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) Contact: lottemeeuwissen@live.nl

Many thanks to: Adriaan Rijnsdorp Shore Symposium

Still looking for a job ;-)

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Species Lagoon South North Far South Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) Sole (Solea solea) Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Dab (Limanda limanda) Common shrimp (Crangon crangon) Goby species (Pomatoschistus species) Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2013 325

  • 1

459 100 6 84

  • 95

35 3 52 4 5 3 304 94 33 113 1 6 5 5795 395

  • 12

1 3

  • 711

34 17 12 4 5 3 7833 188 1 49 1 5 3 5888 5336 4

Total numbers per species caught per sampled area in 2012 and 2013.

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July 2017

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Temperature

The average seawater surface temperature (°C) of the trawls for every date in each sampling area in 2012 (solid black lines) and 2013 (grey dotted lines).

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Sampling area Mesh size Depth 24- April 2- May 23- May 7- June 20- June 26- June 27- July 10- Aug 29- Aug Lagoon 1 cm 1.5-3 m 1 2 1 1

  • 1 cm

4-5 m 1 1 1

  • South

1 cm 1.5-3 m 1 2 2 2 1

  • 1 cm

4-5 m 1 2 2 2 1

  • North

1 cm 1.5-3 m 1 1 2 2 1

  • 1 cm

3.5-4.5

  • 1
  • Lagoon

2 cm 1.5-3.5 m

  • 2

2 1 1 2 5 2 cm 3-4 m

  • 1
  • 3

2 cm 4-5 m

  • 1
  • 1

1 2 2 South 2 cm 1.5-3.5 m

  • 2

3 2 3

  • 2 cm

4-5.5 m

  • 1

2 2 2

  • North

2 cm 1.5-3.5 m

  • 1

1 2 1

  • 2 cm

3.5-4.5 m

  • 1
  • Total

5 9 8 10 10 9 8 10 10 The number of performed trawls per sampling area per day with corresponding depth and used mesh size of the beam trawl in 2012.

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Sampling area Mesh size Depth 16-May 28-May 11- June 2- July 17-July 23-July 20-Aug Lagoon 1 cm 1.5-3 m

  • 1
  • 2

1 1 1 cm 4-5 m 1 1

  • 1

1 1 1 Far south 1 cm 1.5-3 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cm 4-5 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 South 1 cm 1.5-3 m 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 cm 4-5 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 North 1 cm 1.5-3 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lagoon 2 cm 1.5-3 m 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 cm 4-5 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Far south 2 cm 1.5-3 m 1

  • 1

1 1 1 1 2 cm 4-5 m 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 South 2 cm 1.5-3 m 1

  • 1

1 1 1 1 2 cm 4-5 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 North 2 cm 1.5-3 m 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 cm 4-5 m

  • 1
  • Total

14 14 13 13 16 14 14 The number of performed trawls per sampling area per day with corresponding depth and used mesh size of the beam trawl in 2013.

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21

In order to calculate the growth rate per day of the 0-group plaice which had been caught on the first sampling day a reference length of 12 mm at 1 March was used, derived from a research performed in the western Wadden Sea (Van der Veer, 1986).

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DEB Model

22

!" !# = &' ṗ

)* +, -./0 1[3*]× 678

9: 9;<=19: 9

" &' >? @[>A]

The effect of temperature on physiological rates in the DEB model is incorporated by multiplying the rates with an enzyme fraction that is in its active state (Kooijman, 2010). This fraction Fr is calculated as: 𝐺𝑠 = exp 𝑈

H

𝑈IJ' − 𝑈

H

𝑈 × 1 + exp 𝑈

HN

𝑈IJ' − 𝑈

HN

𝑈N + exp 𝑈

HO

𝑈O − 𝑈

HO

𝑈IJ' 1 + exp 𝑈

HN

𝑈 − 𝑈

HN

𝑈N + exp {𝑈

HO

𝑈O − 𝑈

HO

𝑈 } The estimates of parameters of the DEB model for female plaice Pleuronectes platessa at 10°C were used from Van de Veer et al. (2009). All parameters are described in Table 1. For full description of the model see Teal et al., 2012.