The past, the present and the future for Small Water and Wastewater - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 IWA Specialized Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Systems Athens 14-16 September 2016. The past, the present and the future for Small Water and Wastewater Systems Hallvard degaard * Prof. em. Norwegian University of Science and
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Hallvard Ødegaard
* Prof. em. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
CEO Scandinavian Environmental Technology (SET) AS hallvard.odegaard@ntnu.no
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IWA Specialized Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Systems Athens 14-16 September 2016.
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« Design and operation of small wastewater treatment plants»
Group on the subject
Originally the group was focusing on small communities (100‐2000 pe) and industries – not on on‐site plants (single house or small group of houses) – even though papers on on‐site solutions were also included
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Nr Year Conference
MC chair Developments – conference topics 1 1989 Trondheim, Norway
Design and Operation of small wastewater treatment plants 2 1993 Trondheim, Norway
Design and Operation of small wastewater treatment plants 3 1995 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Kumarasiwam (Malay.) + MC, SWWTP
Design and Operation of small wastewater treatment plants 4 1999 Stratford‐upon‐Avon, UK
Small wastewater treatment plants 5 2002 Istanbul, Turkey
Small water and wastewater systems 6 2004 Perth, Australia
On‐site Wastewater Treatment and Recycling 7 2006 Mexico city, Mexico
7’th on Small water and wastewater systems 8 2008 Coimbatore, India J.V. Thanikal, KCT (chair)
8’th on SWWS, 2’nd DEWSIN 9 2010 Girona, Spain
LEQUIA
Sustainable solutions for SWWS and 2’nd on Resource
10 2011 Venice, Italy
Verona
10’th on SWWS, 4’th on DEWSIN, 3’rd on ROS 11 2013 Harbin, China
Small and Decentralized W & WW Treatment System and Sludge management 12 2014 Muscat, Oman J.V. Thanikal, CCE
12’th on SWWS and 4’th on ROS 13 2016 Athens
13’th on SWWS and 5’th on ROS
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– Mini systems (MS) or on‐site systems (1‐10 families – 1‐50 pe) – Small, small systems (SSS) (50 – 500 pe) – Medium small systems (MSS) (500 – 2000 pe) – Large small systems (LSS) (2000 – 10000 pe)
– Decentralized (normally MS to SSS) – Semi‐centralized (normally MSS to LMS) – Centralized (normally SSS to LMS)
– Nature‐based (Eco‐San)
– Technology‐based (traditional WWTP)
– Combinations of technology‐ and nature‐based (e.g. nature based polishing)
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Infiltration systems Pond systems Constructed wet‐lands
Small community plants
Pre‐fabricated On‐site built
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– In the past (activated sludge, trickling filter, RBC) – In the present (MBBR ‐moving bed biofilm reactors) – In the future (advanced treatment for reuse)
– Microbial barrier analysis – Biological treatment for Fe and Mn i groundwater – Ozonation/biofiltration for NOM‐removal in surface water
– A smart water community water management system – Grey‐water and storm‐water treatment
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1969: MSc‐thesis on chemical treatment of ww 1971: In the army – experiments on small wwtp (70 pe) 1972: Wrote: Guideline on Prefabricated WWTP’s
Fe, Al Simultaneous precipitation
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Recommendations for SWWTP (< 500 pe): Utilizing reactor volumes for equalization
Ødegaard, 1987
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Effluent concentration, SS (g/m3 % of plants lower than
63 Chemical plants 34 Biological plants 147 Biological/ chemical plants
Effluent concentration, COD (g/m3 % of plants lower than Effluent concentration, Tot P (g/m3 % of plants lower than
99 Chemical plants 39 Biological plants
Effluent concentration, BOD (g/m3 % of plants lower than
14 Chemical plants 29 Biological plants 108 Biological/ chemical plants
Effluent concentration, COD (g/m3 % of plants lower than
98 Chemical plants 49 Biological plants 194 Biological/ chemical plants 201 Biological/ chemical plants
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The MBBR concept may be used in different ways:
anything from 0% to 65 %
biofilm systems (IFAS) :
activated sludge plants
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Pre‐treatment, sludge storage and equalizing volume Precipitant Flocculation and settling Manifold for desludging In Out
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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Flow m3/d 50 100 150 200 250
Min Max
Flow, m3/h
3 6 9 12 15
Temp bio
Temp, oC
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200 400 600 800 1000
In
BOD, mg/l
Influent
5 10 15 20 25
Ut Bio (filt) Utløp
BOD, mg/l
( )
Effluent
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BOD‐ and P‐removal
Nitrification
Coag.
N‐removal
gives great flexibility in operation
Coag. Carbon.
1 2 3 4 5 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Temperature, °C Denitrification rate, g NO3-N/m2/d Ethanol Methanol Monopropylene glycol
Rusten et al, 1996
Denitrification
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Water & waste facilities
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Challenges Suitability for small wwtp
Configurations Distribution of MBR plants in Europe per capacity (m3/d) and suppliers
Lejeans et al, 2010
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http://www.thembrsite.com/features/2015‐mbr‐survey‐results/
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Power consumption [kWh/m3]
0.70 0.42
Permeate pumping Aeration blower
Other equipment
Anoxic tank + Aerobic MBR Flux 0.8 m/d (33 l/m2h)
RAS pumping
Mixing in anoxic
Watanabe, 2014
Average power consumption of MBR system in Japan
1 2 3 4 5 6 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Utilisation Capacity (Real flow / Nominal flow) Specific Energy Demand (kWh/m3)
MBR A (Zenon) 1,440 m3/d MBR B (Puron) 14,250 m3/d MBR C (Puron) 1,750 m3/d MBR D (Zenon) 3,000 m3/d
Source: 4 MBR operated by Veolia in France Lejeans et al, 2010
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c. MBBR – Discfilter – Contained hollow fiber UF membrane a. MBBR – submerged hollow fiber UF membrane b. MBBR – submerged membrane in reactor with settling zone d. MBBR – DAF – Contained hollow fiber UF membrane
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Sewer mining by MBBR‐MBR
(Darling Walk, Sidney, AUS)
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the membrane treatment should fail
than that of an MBR
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Pre‐ treatment Bio‐/membrane reactor Integrated MBR Pre‐ treatment Bio‐ reactor Membrane reactor Biomass/P separation Membrane posttreatment
My recommendation regarding membranes in SWWTP’s:
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– Iron & manganese – Arsenic – Oxygen – Micropollutants – Hardness – Pathogens
– NOM – Iron & manganese – Micropollutants – Pathogens
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Determination of the barrier status
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Ødegaard et al, 2015
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Compressor Treated water
Wash water
Sludge to waste Ceramic microfilter UV Sodium silicate Ozone saturated water Sieve Compressor O3 Ozone generator Ozone contact columns Biofilter w/plastic carriers
Example: Low in NOM and turbity –
Example: High in NOM (colour) and turbidity –
coagulation/microfiltration‐based Vanvikan ww
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25Combined chemical oxidation/biofiltration
Arsenic removal Arsenic is adsorbed on ferric oxide (FeOOH)
Courtesy : Nagaoka Int. Corp, Japan
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Unsustanable water management (UNEP, 2002)
Centralized, end‐of‐pipe systems
Sustainable water management (UNEP, 2002)
Decentralized closed loop systems
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In individual houses (on‐site) In small industries In small, semi‐urban villages In urban, semi‐ centralized, smart communities Treated greywater for irrigation Treated wastewater for process water Treated wastewater for landscaping Treated greywater for various purposes “As small as possible, as large as necessary“
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1. Minimize the use of externally supplied water and optimize reuse 2. Ensure the highest quality for the drinking water supplied – sufficient microbial barriers secured 3. Do not include wastewater from the toilet in the recycle loop, hence:
– Minimize water for toilet flushing (Low flush, vacuum or separating toilet) – Local treatment (bioreactor) or trucking to central treatment of toilet waste
4. Use a recycled water buffer volume as reservoir (artificial pond or lake or
alternatively a groundwater reservoir) – and take advantage of it as part of the
ecosystem
– Seeweed, fish as part of a treatment system – Recreation (fishing, boating) as a human/social element – Landscape design as a habitat element
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30 Monitoring and control DWTP
Washing and cleaning
Possibly urinals
Drinking, cooking, personal hygiene
GWTP Emergency overflow Park with constructed reservoir/pond for storage, self-purification and recreation
Water supply – < 30 % of normal consumption
Toilet flushing Out-door uses, irrigation
BWTP RWTP Rainwater harvesting Stormwater collection Infiltration
Organic kitchen waste Heat- pump Energy recovery
Bio-soil fertilizer
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Challenges
variation (little knowledge)
– From place to place – Over time – Cross‐connections
– DOC – Nutrients (N&P) – E.Coli (bathing water quality)
– Biological – Physical/Chemical – Disinfection
Parameter Kitchen
(Sink & DW)
Bathroom Laundry Graywater
(not incl. kitchen)
HØ Proposed design value Temperature (oC) Turbidity SS (mg/l) 27‐38 ‐ 240‐2400 29 28‐240 54‐200 28‐32 14‐210 120‐280 ‐ 15‐140 ‐ 30 ‐ 150 pH BOD5 (mg/l) COD (mg/l) NH4‐N (mg/l) PO4‐P (mg/l) Anionic surfactants Chloride (mg/l) 6,3‐7,4 20‐340 1000‐1500 <0.1‐6 13‐32 6 ‐ 6.4‐8.1 26‐300 100‐630 <0.1‐15 1‐50 21 9‐19 8.1‐10 48‐380 13‐720 <0.1‐11 4‐170 92 9‐90 6.7‐7.6 125‐250 250‐430 0.15‐3.2 4‐35 ‐ 22‐34 7.0 150 300 10 15 50 ‐ E.Coli/100 ml Cryptosporidium 105.4‐ 109 101.6‐ 103.4 No detect. 101.5‐ 103.9 No detect. ‐ 104
htts://www.nap.edu/21866
x 4.5 l/cap.. d
htts://www.nap.edu/21866
HØ proposal for design: 85 l/cap.. d
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32 Water for reuse HR MBBR MBBR for N‐removal Grey water
DAF
Coagulant
O3 Ozone CMF MBBR
Coagulant
Disc filter O3 Ozone CMF UV
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especially towards semi‐centralized systems
wastewater equally well as LWWTP
combination of biological as well as physical/chemical processes
wastewater treatment plants will have to be stepped up
irrigation, water landscaping, fertilization and energy recovery
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The Pulpit, Lysefjord, Norway
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New developments in Small Water and Wastewater Systems require courage!!