The naked iron knee of the cosmic radiation, its necessity and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Vulcano, venerd 28 maggio 2010 The naked iron knee of the cosmic radiation, its necessity and empirical evidence Antonio Codino Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universit degli Studi di Perugia e INFN. Vulcano Conference on Cosmic Rays 2010.
Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università degli Studi di Perugia e INFN.
Vulcano Conference on Cosmic Rays 2010.
Vulcano, venerdì 28 maggio 2010
1 Empirical evidence of the second knee. Introduction. 2 Observational data, principles and method of calculation to comprehend the knees, the second knee, the ankles and the ankle (Theory of Constant Indices). 3 Understanding of the second knee. The second knee is the iron knee. Why the iron knee is naked. 4 Fallaceous explanations of the second knee. 5 Radical changes that have occurred in Cosmic Ray Rhysics in the last few years.
The five breaks in the cosmic-ray spectrum in the range 1010 eV-5x1019 eV with respect to a nominal, constant index
1 the depression caused by the Solar modulation below 10 GeV;
2 The knee around the nominal energy 3x1015 eV; 3 The ankle around the nominal energy (5-7)x1018 eV;
444444 The second knee was observed by the Akeno experiment in 1992at the energy of (5-7)x1017 eV with a spectral index of 3.2-3.3. 5 The abrupt flux descend above (4-6)x1019 eV with respect to the flux extrapolation from lower energies and interpreted (erroneously) as GZK Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin effect before 2009.
The theoretical background used here for the explanation of the second knee, the subject of this talk, is in the same employed for the explanation of the knees, the ankles, the knee and the ankle.
…For conciseness, not to repeat many times the expression
the explanation of the knee and ankle, I use in this talk:
theory of constant indices
….which is the collection of theoretical and empirical elements by which the quantitative explanation of the knee and the ankle has been obtained in 2006. This same expression has used in the most recent papers.
The solution of the knee and ankle problem is described in 4 papers:
1 The origin of the ankle (10 pages) Nuclear Physics B, 165 (2007) (Proc. Suppl.) 307-316 and Astro-ph/0701593, January 20th 2007. 2 A unique mechanism generating the knee and the ankle in the local galactic zone (25 pages) Vulcano Conference (2006) and Astro-ph/0701521, January 18th 2007. 3 Galactic basins of helium and iron around the knee energy (42 pages) Internal report INFN/TC-06/05, February 20th 2006 duplicated in Astro-ph/0701498, January 17th 2007. 4 The transition from tortuous to rectilinear cosmic ray trajectories in the Galaxy is at the
The comprehension of : Galactic basins of helium and iron around the knee energy requires la
notion of galactic basin introduced in: The extension and shape of the collecting zones of the galactic cosmic rays from helium to iron The Astrophysical Journal (2006) 639, 173- 184 Codino-Plouin, (12 pages). The method of calculation can be found in: Brunetti-Codino, (10 pages) The Astrophysical Journal (2000), 528, 789-798.
Brunetti & Codino, ApJ, 2000, 528, 789
Introduced in 2006 : The Origin of the Ankle Nuclear Physics B, 165 (2007) (Proc. Suppl.) 307-316.
CRIS2006, CATANIA , Italia
The energy interval where this postulate applies is: 10 GeV – 5 x 1019 eV (the iron ankle).
I0 =27,1 10-2 partículas/(m2 s TeV sr) Energía = 1012 eV 0,3 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.03 1,2 Ca (17-20) 2,4 ± 0.02 2,59 ± 0.03 8,7 Fe(21-28) 2,5 ± 0.07 2.67 ± 0.03 9,2 Ne-S 3,2 ± 0.06 2.68 ± 0.02 11,9 CNO 7,2 ± 0.15 2.64 ± 0.02 26,5 He Wiebel-Sooth 11,5 ± 0.32 2.77 ± 0.02 42,4 H Referencias Intensidad (ions/m2 s sr GeV) Indices espectrales Composición (%) Iones
Let me alert now this audience that the theory of constant indices is incompatible with most current traditional theoretical knowledge in Cosmic Ray Physics.
Theoretical Complex of the Traditional Cosmic Ray Physics
The Demolition regards: Failure of dip model of the extragalactic cosmic radiation Non existence of the GZK effect around and above 5x1019 eV The origin and nature of the knee and knees is spurious to the efficiency loss of any acceleration mechanism in the Galaxy. There is no correlation between asimmetry of cosmic-ray arrival direction observed at Earth and increasing energy in the range 1013- 1017 eV, as postulated or believed for decades. (see, for example: P. L. Ghia (Vulcano Conference 2006 SIF, pages 475-488).
Inconsistency of leaky box Models at low energy about:
Grammage versus energy Residence time versus energy Secondary-to-primary flux ratio versus energy
This is not an extreme, radical vision of the present status of Cosmic Ray Physics. The perception that the pillars of our discipline are at stake under the outcomes of some experiments has also been perceived by others:
…. Either the data analysis of the Kascade experiment is thoroughly
erroneous or the standard model of cosmic rays is incorrect…. For example,V. S. Berezinsky, Karlsruhe, (Germania) 30 march 2009,
some measurements of the Auger Experiment on the chemical composition of the cosmic radiation in the band 4.5x1017 eV and 4x1019 eV (for example, M. Hunger ICRC 2007 and CRIS2008)
and those of the Kascade Experiment on the proton flux around 1017 eV (for example, R. Engel Astro-ph/0504358; for example, K.H. Kampert Astro-ph/0405608).
These measurements joins and accumulate with previous experimental results concurring to the aforementioned demolition.
Knee in the Spectrum of the Cosmic Radiation.
(34 pages) Nota INFN-TC-09/06, Frascati, October 15th 2009.
ankle and the related spectral indices (27 pages) Astro-
ph/0911.4633v1, 24 novembre 2009. Redundant failures of the dip model of the extragalactic
cosmic radiation (5 pages) Astro-ph/0911.4273v1, 22 novembre 2009.
empirical evidence. (contribution to this conference Vulcano 2010)
I0 =23,30 10-2 particles/(m2 s TeV sr) Energía = 1014 eV 0,6 ± 0.05 2.65 ± 0.04 2,6 Ca (17-20) 2,5 ± 0.02 2.59 ± 0.04 10,7 Fe (21-26) 2,3 ± 0.07 2.65 ± 0.04 10,0 Ne-S 3,2 ± 0.06 2.66 ± 0.03 13,8 CNO 6,1 ± 0.15 2.64 ± 0.03 26,1 He
Datos recientes
de balónes 8,6 ± 0.32 2.67 ± 0.03 36,8 H Referencias Intensidad (ions/m2 s sr GeV) Indices espectrales Composición (%) Iones
Indices of the energy spectra versus energy
Experimental data from
(Akeno Collaboration)
“A change in the index of the power-law energy spectrum is
the index at this energy is 3.16 ± 0.08
The computed spectrum according to the theory of constant indices has a maximum index of 3.2-3.3 around (5-6) x 1017
Experiments at very high energy beyond 1017 eV use indirect methods to determine the abundances of the nuclei in the cosmic radiation. A is the atomic mass of the cosmic ion; it has : <ln(A)> = p1ln(A1) + p2ln(A2) +p3ln(A3) + ...... <ln(A)> = p1ln(1) + p2ln(4) +p3ln(14) + …… <ln(A)> = 0. + p21,38+ +p32,64 +……. where p1, p2, p3 etc. are the proportions of the nuclei
present at a given energy.
Energy spectra of the extradisc component (halo sources)
Cosmic-ray sources in the disc only Cosmic-ray sources in the disc and in the halo (disc and extradisc components summed up)
Fe abundance versus energy around the second knee
Example of present (2010) coherence in flux measurements at extreme energies of the cosmic radiation in different experiments….. ( from A. Codino and F. Plouin astro-ph/0911.4273v1
Distinctive features of the second knee with disc sources (red curve) and disc and extradisc components together (blue curve). Distinctive features: 1) maximum value of the index; 2) energy at which the maximum value is located; 3) iron fraction .
……waiting the iron spectrum (heavy ions) between 1017-1018 eV to be measured by the Kascade-Grande experiment In my opinion, all ions subdivided in three groups would be a great outcome for a good comparison data-theory.
1 The knee is generated by an acceleration mechanism which loses efficiency
at some energy (For example, see ion spectra calculated by Berezhko-Voelk).
Tuning the calculation on the observed proton spectrum the iron knee
is placed at the incorrect energy.
These authors themselves admit in their papers that this explanation
has “ two difficulties “ . I agree. 2 The dip model of the extragalactic cosmic radiation.
By adjusting the galactic and cosmological extragalactic components with some
imagination to obtain the index of 3.2 around the second knee, the predictions of the model conflict, by large, with other experimental data (see next plots).
the dip model of the extragalactic cosmic radiation
…. the dip model of the extragalactic cosmic radiation (kascade data on the proton flux around 1017 eV……….
In my opinion, the aforementioned demolition of the traditional theoretical frame, dominant in the last decades in cosmic ray physics, has been accomplished. If a mechanical machine with two arms (figure aside) would have operated this demolition, then
Auger and Kascade data previuosly quoted. The second arm is the Postulate of the Constant Indices which leads to the solution of the knee and ankle problem along with to the comprehension of the second knee which is the naked iron knee sculptured on the cosmic-ray spectrum around 5x1017 eV. Conclusions (28/5/2010)
Le posizioni delle caviglie sull’ asse dell’ energia sono indissolubilmente legate, senza ambiguità, alle energie a cui si trovano i ginocchi dei singoli ioni cosmici. Il campo magnetico galattico ha il ruolo dominante in questo legame. Le caviglie di ogni ione si posizionano a quelle energie in cui si instaura la propagazione quasi rettilínea degli ioni nella Galassia. I ginocchi si posizionano alle energie in cui il raggio di rivoluzione degli ioni diventa così grande da influenzare il traboccamento degli ioni dal volume del disco.
Solo i raggi cosmici galattici, le cui sorgenti si ubicano nel disco e nell’ alone, generano le caviglie e i ginocchi.
Parte 4
◊ La teoria degli indici costanti è incompatibile con gran parte delle nozioni fondamentali che formano la fisica dei raggi cosmici sino al 2006. ◊ Secondo tale teoria quasi tutte le conoscenze oggi reperibili nei libri di testo e nei rendiconti su rivista dovrebbero essere riconsiderati. Vediamo alcuni esempi. 1 Il ginocchio non è causato da meccanismi accelerativi e tanto meno da quello che si presume operi nelle supernove. 2 Il secondo ginocchio (ginocchio del ferro) non è causato da una componente extragalattica della radiazione cosmica (come concepito nel modello a fossa). 3 Il rapporto boro carbonio è pressoché costante con l’ energia oltre 100 GeV. 4 Nessuna componente extragalattica di origine cosmologica penetra nella Via Lattea al di sotto di 5x1019 eV.
Sulla piegatura dello spettro dei raggi cosmici oltre 6x1019 eV il cosiddetto effetto GZK ( γ p —› π◦ p etc.)
….Posta la irrealtà del modello a fossa a più basse energie (tra
1017 e 1019 eV) si ragiona e si conclude che la predetta piegatura non è generata da sorgenti di raggi cosmici poste a distanze cosmologiche.
Il ragionamento non è basato sulla Teoria degli Indici
Costanti ma sul confronto tra dati sperimentali e predizioni del modello a fossa.
Vulcano 2010 final point of the figures.
Posiciónes de las fuentes en la Galaxia Asimmetría en la dirección de llegada de los rayos cósmicos Viento galáctico Método de calculo
Gramaje
The solución del problema de la rodilla y del tobillo
Brunetti & Codino, ApJ, 2000, 528, 789
− The algorithms described in this presentation (12 years old, first publication on 1995)
− It is a new code for the simulation of cosmic-ray trajectories adopting:
− Large simulation volume about 400 kpc (halfway from Andromeda galaxy) − Supernovae source distribution, etc. etc. − Chaotic magnetic field described by Kolmogorov, Kraichnan and other spectra of magnetic inhomogeneities − A quite recent code (2005) at the stage of development.
Il valor medio della densità della materia è di un atomo di idrogeno per cm3 aumentato a 1,24 tenendo conto degli elementi pesanti. Le sorgenti sono rappresentate da una distribuzione uniforme di equazione Q(r,z,l)=CΘ(r-R)N(σ,z) dove N(σ,z) è una distribuzione gaussiana nella direzione z con una deviazione standard σ di 80 parsec.
Codino & Plouin ApJ, 2006, 639, 173
g gramaje (g/cm2) columna de gas encontrada por los rayos cósmicos g = mHnHLD
LD longitud de la trayectoria nH numero de átomos por centímetro cúbico
mH masa del hidrógeno LD = vd sd Vd numero de inverciónes del movimiento Sd espesor físico del disco
λ = A / (σ g NA) longitud de colisión nuclear
Sd
Collisioni nucleari
fuentes fuentes gal galácticas ácticas Fuentes Fuentes extragal extragalá ácticas cticas
Cavidad solar
Ie Ig E=1013 eV E=1016 eV E=1017 eV E=1018 eV
Contour levels for helium, carbon, aluminium and iron illustrating the distribution of cosmic ray sources feeding the local galactic zone
The computed spectra of individual ions (Protons, Helium and Iron) are in good agreement with the experimental data (only the shapes of the spectra) of the Kaskade experiment. Regardless of the particular ion blend, the computed position along the energy axis of the knee of the all- particle spectrum also matches the results of the experiments. With the above inputs the all-particle energy spectrum between the knee and the ankle is calculated showing a spectral index of 3.05 for a proton abundant blend and 3.06 for an helium abundant blend i.e the spectral index is close to the observed value of 3 in the range 10 15 and 10 17 eV. This agreement is particularly meaningful since the energy spectra of individual ions have slopes of 3.38 (Helium) and 3.34 (Fe) in the same energy range. The computed indices of 3.05 and 3.06 between 1015-1017 eV are the result of the sum of all the ion spectra as indicated in the figure.
ginocchio e la caviglia a differenza di questa teoria che invece propone una spiegazione unica.
apparirebbe ad una certa energia e con una certa intensità, completamente arbitrarie.
completo (tutte le particelle) è generata dall’interazione dei raggi cosmici extragalattici con energie superiori a 4x1017 eV provenienti da sorgenti poste a decine di Megaparsec con la radiazione fossile. Queste interazioni perturberebbero lo spettro dei raggi cosmici osservato sulla Terra generando una struttura come la caviglia (modello a fossa).
Vedi ad esempio:
–
– Modello a fossa: Berezisky V.S., Gazizov A.Z. e Grigorieva Rapporto Astroph/0204357 e Phys. Rev. D 74, 043005 (2006). – Modello della caviglia A. M. Hillas rapporto Astro-ph/0607109
Waxman E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 386 (1995).
(2005).
Parte 3
L ‘ accordo riguarda: 1 Lo spettro in energia della radiazione cosmica tra 1011-5x1019 eV. 2 Il ginocchio del protone (Kascade). 3 Il ginocchio dell’ elio (Kascade). 4 Il ginocchio del gruppo di elementi CNO (Kascade). 5 Lo spettro degli ioni pesanti tra 1015 e 1017 eV (Kascade e Eas-top). 6 L’indice spettrale di 3 dello spettro completo della radiazione cosmica tra 6x1015 e 1016 eV.
7 L’ esistenza del secondo ginocchio a 6x1017 eV.
8 La posizione corretta della caviglia lungo l’ asse dell’ energia a (4-5)x1018 eV.
9 Il valore massimo dell’indice spettrale di 3,3 assunto dallo spettro completo nell’intervallo (6-8)x1017 eV in corrispondenza al secondo ginocchio e suo significato 10 La correlazione tra l’energia del secondo ginocchio (6-8)x1017 eV e il valore dell’indice spettrale di 3,3 assunto dallo spettro completo L ‘ accordo con i dati sulla composizione chimica <ln (A)> riguarda i dettagli fini degli spettri dei singoli ioni: L’ incremento di <ln(A)> della composizione chimica tra 1015-1017 eV osservata da più di 10 esperimenti. L’ esistenza di un valore massimo di <ln (A)> di circa 3 intorno all’energia di 1017 eV dove la composizione chimica si inverte da pesante a leggera. L’ energia di circa 3x1017 eV alla quale la tendenza della composizione chimica si inverte da pesante a leggera. L’ alleggerimento della composizione chimica nell’intervallo 1017-3x1018 eV
L’esistenza di un minimo di <ln (A)> intorno all’energia di 3x1018 eV osservato dall’esperimento Auger. L’ascensione di <ln (A)> oltre il minimo di 1,2 nell’intervallo 3x1018-1019 eV